Ernest Hemingway Essay - 2076 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ernest Hemingway was one of the greatest writers of the century. He was born at the close of the old century but was able to see the Disorders of the new century. Hemingway was marvelous in bringing about his pictorial effects for his readers even in his drunken state. Hemingway was skilled in the way he presented the â€Å"real† and â€Å"concrete† to be the first essentials in his writing. He put life back on the page so that we could see the grim reality of the truth. Hemingway’s style brought minute details to the surface so that the readers would understand his meanings. In the stories that I have chosen the critics have analyzed the story. In this paper I intend to prove that Ernest Hemingways writing in†¦show more content†¦Hal Hollady said â€Å"The name of the girl (Jig) is a symbolic name. â€Å"It is a name of a lively dance†. â€Å"The name implies that she may change her mind about the abortion [at any time] (MaGill 1020). This story does not come out and tell you what is going on between the man and the woman. The symbols relate to what is happening. â€Å"One of the important symbols is the bamboo bead curtain [that hangs] across the doorway of the station bar room† (Gilmor 47 ). The curtain[according to the critics] represents the man’s desire to maintain the status quo in their relationship. â€Å"The curtain represents their emotional separation as well, for they regard it differently as they do the more familiar symbol of the hills† (Organ 11). â€Å"Hills refer to the shape of the belly of a pregnant woman, and white elephant is an idiom that refers to useless or unwanted things† (Organ 11). Making more specific symbol of the bead curtain, Elliot thinks that when jig takes hold of the two strain’s of beads they represent the rosary beads and her also being a catholic. When Jig plays with the beads the man thinks that she is playing with a child ’s toy, thus the curtain may symbolize the unborn child. â€Å"The abortion is not merely a perfectly natural or simple operation to her, it is a symbolic act. Jig thinks this will cut her off irrevocably from what is good and alive in the world (MaGill 1019). [Towards the end of the story] the landscape takes on a powerful [picture]. It describesShow MoreRelatedEssay Ernest Hemingway2650 Words   |  11 Pages Ernest Hemingway’s tough, terse prose and short, declarative sentences did more to change the style of written English that any other writing in the twentieth century. Ernest Hemingway had many great accomplishments in his historical life but one event sticks out from the rest. The Old Man and the Sea is one of Hemingway’s most enduring works. Told in Language of great simplicity and power, it is the story of an old Cuban fisherman, agonizing battle with a giant marlin far out in the Gulf StreamRead More Ernest Hemingway Essay974 Words   |  4 Pages Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21, 1899 in a small community of Oak Park, Illinois. He was the second child out of six, with four sisters and one brother. The area Ernest grew up in was a very conservative area of Illinois and was raised with values of strong religion, hard work, physical fitness and self-determination. His household was a very strict one that didn’t allow any enjoyment on Sundays and disobedience was strictly punished. Ernest’s father taught him good morals and values that heRead MoreThe Battler by Ernest Hemingway680 Words   |  3 Pages Throughout life, the people that you may encounter and form relationships with will be the ones that shape who you are and ultimately influence your decisions, actions and personality. In â€Å"The Battler† by Ernest Hemingway, Nick Adams, a young man of roughly twenty years of age encounters an older gentleman named Ad Francis, a once-famous boxer who claims to have gone â€Å"crazy† after his life as a fighter. Ad is accompanied by his best friend Bugs, a black man who accompanies him on his travels throughoutRead MoreErnest Hemingway Essay526 Words   |  3 PagesErnest Hemingway Who is Ernest Hemingway? Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois, an upper-middle-class suburb of Chicago(Ernest Hemingwaypar 4). He was born in the front bedroom of grandfather Ernest Halls house at eight oclock A.M., July 21, 1899. His parents were Dr. Clarence Edmonds and Grace Hall Hemingway. Ernest was the second child and his sister, Marcelline, was born eighteen months earlier. He also had two other siblings. Carol was born July 19, 1911Read MoreThe Life of Ernest Hemingway1411 Words   |  6 Pages(shmoop.com). Ernest Hemingway was an honest and noble man. His life was highlighted by his successful writing career that brought him fame, fortune, but ultimately loneliness. Ernest Hemingway fell into a hole of drinking and depression (lib.utexas.edu). It was odd for Hemingway to become so emotionally unstable after having a happy childhood, quality experiences, and a successful writing career. Ernest Hemingway was born in Oak Park Illinois in 1899. Oak Park was the town in which Ernest spent hisRead More Ernest Hemingway Essay1638 Words   |  7 PagesErnest Hemingway The writer/artist that I chose to enlighten you with has inspired many writers as well as literature majors for many years. He continues to tickle our imaginations with the legacy that he has left us with. This man was as genuine as you can get. He was loved by many. He made an impact on any life that he came across. This man is non other than, Ernest Hemingway. Hemingway was a free spirit in an unattached sense. He loved adventure, as well as the drink. He was somewhatRead MoreThe Life of Ernest Hemingway523 Words   |  2 Pages On July 21, 1899 Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Cicero (Oak Park), Illinois. Clarence and Grace Hemingway, Ernest’s parents, raised him and his five siblings in the suburbs and spent time at their cottage in northern Michigan. This is where Ernest learned his love of the outdoors. His father taught him to row a boat, start a fire, clean and cook a fish, make a wild-onion sandwich and handle a gun (Reef, 2009). In high school Hemingway began to write for his school newspaper Trapeze and TabulaRead MoreErnest Hemingway Essay2077 Words   |  9 Pages Ernest Hemingway pulled from his past present experiences to develop his own thoughts concerning death, relationships, and lies. He then mixed these ideas, along with a familiar setting, to create a masterpiece. One such masterpiece written early in Hemingways career is the short story, quot;Indian Camp.quot; quot;Indian Campquot; was originally published in the collection of quot;in Our Timequot; in 1925. A brief summary reve als that the main character, a teenager by the name of Nick, travelsRead MoreResearch Paper On Ernest Hemingway1155 Words   |  5 PagesThe Most Interesting Man In The World The author I have chosen is Ernest Hemingway, who is one of the most celebrated authors of the 20th century. He was an American novelist, short story writer, and journalist. Hemingway wrote a variety of novels. My favorites are For Whom the Bell Tolls, written in 1940, A Farewell to Arms, written in 1929, and The Sun Also Rises, written in 1926. Most of Hemingway’s works are often criticized and considered sexist, but I believe that they give us a glimpse fromRead More Ernest Hemingway Essay1584 Words   |  7 Pages Ernest Miller Hemingway was born in Oak Park, Illinois July 21, 1899. Hemingway is known to be one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. He has written more than one hundred short fiction stories, many of them to be well known around the world. Some of these short stories had just as powerful an impact as his novels. As a young man, Hemingway left from his hometown to Europe, where he worked for the Red Cross during World War I. His time spent there inspired him to write some

Birmingham as the second largest city in England Free Essays

A hypothesis is a theory or idea, which is then examined and tested. Sometimes you will agree with it, and sometimes you will disagree with it. Quality of life is what makes a persons life better or easier. We will write a custom essay sample on Birmingham as the second largest city in England or any similar topic only for you Order Now Different people have different needs and so what makes their quality of life better is also different. I am a teenager and my needs are very different to my grandmothers for example. I would prefer to live in the Inner City Zone or Inner Suburb Zone. This is because I would have easy access to shops, restaurants, clubs, cinemas, heath clubs and other amenities that young people prefer. Living in the CBD would not be appropriate for me however as there tends to be fewer parks and open spaces. I do not want to have to travel for hours to get to and from school every day, so a good local school would help improve my quality of life immensely. My grandmother is 69. She has a quieter life than me and only goes into the city centre when is most necessary. For the majority of things like food, daily paper and toiletries she can shop at her local independent shops. The makes her quality of life better. Low crime rate also improves her quality of life as she is more venerable than me. However because of her physical condition a large garden is not very practical as she could not be able to look after it. She does love being outside however and so to improve her quality of life she would need parks and public open areas near to her. She would also prefer quieter neighbours and few incidents of graffiti and vandalism. Her breathing is not ‘what it was’ due to smoking for many years and so low pollutions levels would help her general health levels too. Because she lives on her own, it would not be very easy for her to get someone to come and repair walls or roofs, so good housing conditions would also be a necessity. My grandmother is also quite religious and likes to attend church every weeks or so, so for her it would be very important that there was a church very close by, or on a major bus route, as she would not be able to afford a taxi every week. As she lives alone, it would also be good for her if her family and friends lived near buy too. She could catch a bus to get there, but not of a great distance as it would be inconvenient for her because of medical conditions. You can read also Classifications of Restaurants There are some factors that would improve both hers and my quality of life however. For example, good public transport. This would benefit both of us as neither has a car or licence. For this reason also, being near to a hospital, doctor or dentist would improve the quality of both our lives. CBD stands for Central Business District. This area is in the centre of towns and is usually one of the oldest parts. There tends to be Victorian buildings which may have been modernised as well as modern buildings. The main land use tends to be commercial, with lots of shops, banks and restaurants. In some CBDs as a result of new developments there are sometimes new houses or apartments. The general sky-line tends to be higher towards the CBD as there are generally more high-rise buildings as land is more expensive. Moving away from the CBD, the next major zone is the Inner City. This zone is just outside the CBD, and old industry. In the last century factories have been built but the majority of these factories have been closed down as industry moved away from the CBD. The small terraced houses that were originally built for the factory workers are, in most cities and Birmingham still there. At this time however, land was expensive and so gardens and houses were small. Some of these houses have been knocked down and made into apartments or high-rise flats. This has helped encourage business workers to move to the CBS. The majority of these workers have large amounts of money, no children and that enjoy a good night life! This has encouraged bars, restaurants and clubs to open in the centre of most major cities. However it has also encouraged drug use and high crime rates. Moving outward from the CBD, the next zone is the Inner City. In the last century this land would also be used for factory building, however with modernisation, of these cities, industry has moved away and the old buildings converted. The majority of land is used as residential and most houses are terraced. Like the CBD, land was, and is, quite expensive in these areas and so most of the houses and gardens were small. The next major zone is the Inner Suburbs. This land is almost all residential. The majority of houses built here are from the 1920s and 1930s. The houses tend to be bigger as there is more land, and so it is cheaper to build on it. The general crime rate tends to be lower in these areas. These qualities attract families and so there also tends to be a lot more primary and secondary schools. After this zone, the next is the Outer Suburbs. The main land use is residential and there tends to be more large modern houses. Councils have also bought this land and many council estates are built here too. Because of the distance from these areas to the CBD, land is cheaper here. Recently small modern industries and large shops have developed here. Birmingham is the second largest city in England. It has a population of 965,928 in city and 2,555,596 in the West Midlands. Despite its’ current size, Birmingham grew late in relation to other British cities and was a market town right up until the Industrial Revolution. At this time, luminaries such as Matthew Bolton ; James Watt (inventors of the steam engine), William Murdock (inventor of gas lighting) and Joseph Priestley (who discovered oxygen) put Birmingham on the map. A massive system of canals was built to cope with the influx of traffic, so that Birmingham now has a more extensive canal network than Venice. World War II saw heavy damage inflicted upon the city, and an equally brutal reconstruction program that earned Birmingham’s inner ring road the nickname ‘the concrete collar’. However, Birmingham’s relationship with the car goes deeper than this; it saw the building of the first four-wheeled petrol driven car by F W Lancaster in 1895, and now acts as the UK’s motor-manufacturing hub (earning it the nickname Brum). Birmingham has since been reborn as a business and conference centre, and is busy rebuilding itself into the sub-capital it always should have been. Burgess model In 1925, E.W. Burgess presented an urban land use model, which divided cities in a set of concentric circles expanding from the CBD to the suburbs. This representation was built from Burgess’s observations of a number of American cities, particularly Chicago. According to this model, a large city is divided in concentric zones with a tendency of each inner zone to expand in the other zone. Urban growth is there for a process of expansion of land uses. For this study I am going to be following a transect along the Alcester Road, A435. This road is an A type road and runs from the centre of town to the outskirts in a southern direction. Because of the size pf Birmingham, if the hypotenuse is correct it will most likely apply to the majority of large towns and cities in England. My chosen areas of study are: * Balsall Heath * Kings Heath * Alcester Lanes End * Druids Heath Balsall Heath Balsall Heath is situated in the Inner city zone of Birmingham. From the centre of the CBD it is 2.75 kilometres. It has been calculated that 4,000 people out of Balsall Heath’s population of 12,000 regularly participate in a caring activity designed to improve the quality of life of the neighbourhood. Kings Heath Kings Heath is in the Inner suburb zone of Birmingham. From the centre of the CBD, Kings Heath is 5.5kilometres. According to the 2001 Population Census there were 24,273 people resident in Kings Heath. Alcester Lanes End Alcester Lanes End is situated in the Outer suburb zone of Birmingham. From the CBD, Alcester Lances End is 6.25 kilometres. Druids Heath Druids Heath is an area situated on an Outer City Council Estate. From the CBD, Druids Heath is 8 kilometres away. This is the area furthest away form the CBD that I will be studying. How to cite Birmingham as the second largest city in England, Papers

Ford Australia Facing Revenue Losses Measuring Validity and Reliabili

Question: Describe about the Ford Australia Facing Revenue Losses for Measuring Validity and Reliability. Answer: Introduction The paper helps in providing a research proposal in respective of the business problem of an organization including the dependent independent variables. The proposal aims at addressing the quantitative research methodology to instigate the business problem. The project also deals in measuring the variables, specifying and justifying the hypothesis, developing the questionnaire, identifying the sampling design, and selecting an appropriate data collection mode for critical conduction of successful quantitative business research. The main objective of the research is to achieve the learning objective in regards to identifying the business opportunity for the synthesis of the literature, application of the proper methods, design and plan for the research by identifying the quantitative research methodologies and ethical issues related to the business research. Background The Australian blue oval car brand, Ford has been ended in the year after the company posted a loss of $191 million in the country since 2014 (Martin, 2014). The year has been marked as the historic low since 48 years. This brings Ford Australia to total losses of astounding $1.3 billion since the last 10 years during which the time has received over $ 1.1 billion in the funding of the government. Ford has been able to post the profit of three years of the last decade since the loss alone in the year 2014 (Klyatis, 2015). The profit of the car company has reported an estimate of $ 186 million over an entire decade. The company had been posting a profit since 3 years of the past decade. Since 2014, the company has been facing losses due to the evaporation of the profits that the company has reported over and entire decade which was estimated to be $ 186 million (Fields et al 2013). According to the company, $ 157 million of the $ 191 million has been lost on other cost associated with the closing of the factory since October 2016 (Martin, 2014). There has been one silver lining on the results review operating the loss for the rest of the companys business which has been making more profit per vehicle against selling of the cars. Literature review Measuring the reliability and viability of the dependent variables Validity According to Csikszentmihalyi Larson (2014), a variety of factors helps in affecting the extent to which an operational definition of a variable can be constructed on the basis of the validity. The complexity of the concept of the variables : According to Homburg Bornemann (2013), some variables are not very complex and is determined by the general chapters physical attributes. However, they also believe that most of the variables are straight forward. The physical dimension of the expression and important differences in the variables affect the business performance which are conceptual variables addressing the problems of operationalization of their own. Availability of data: According to Lussier Corman (2015), the operationalisation of the business seems to capture the perfectly underlying variable of interest. The number of assets, expansion of business, growth for sales and profitability of the business are some of the reasons for reviewing the records to compile the information drastically less than perfect operationalization cannot be employed due to the lack of ideal data. Cost and difficulty in obtaining data: According to Park Lee (2014), reviewing the records and measuring of the business organization availability of data is a very crucial factors where is availability of data can be evaluated by the collection of relevant data related to the business organization which requires both time and money. Thus, it is very crucial for the researcher to conduct a survey and get the desired information in a quick and easy manner. The above were some of the reasons which provided a great deal of the validity of the research centers around the problems of the organizations. As a matter of fact, most of the debate surrounding the quantitative research not actually about the analysis method or outcome of the research but also about whether the variables have been defined as measured in appropriate manner. According to Carland Carland (2015), unless and until the operational criteria for measuring the variable are sensitive to the variable that actually changes, they would be generating relating outcome for free research topic. Reliability Reliability is the consistency of repeatability of a business process. On the other hand validity is the measurements of the item of interest it is very important to distinguish between the validity and reliability. Acording to Csikszentmihalyi Larson (2014), the reliability focuses on the consistency of the measurement. According to their four types of measurement scales nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. The nominal scale is the classification by the name which can be formed on the basis of some measurement criteria the purpose of the scale is just for identification of the factors responsible for influencing the revenue growth of the organization. The ordinal scale measurement helps in providing a rank order by knowing the ranking of the score in order to provide information about the performance of the organization. The physical dimension of the expression and important differences in the variables affect the business performance which are conceptual variables addressing the problems of operationalization of their own. The interval measurement scale helps in measuring both the order and the size of the different scored in order to determine rank order. The ratio measurement scales in defining the scores that have similar qualities to the others during first time and distance score. The standard scores are helpful in comparing the performance of the organization in the market. The measurement scale needs to covert to the some score measure without which it is impossible to completely convert the two scores into similar scale. The commonly used measurement scales include the liker scale, semantic differential, and rating scales. The likert scale involves the 5 to 7 point scale which responds in corresponding to the level of agreement (Lussier Corman, 2015). The semantic scale uses bipolar adjectives ranging from positive subjective scores to least positive scores. Similarly, the rating scales are frequently used in research. According to Csikszentmihalyi Larson (2014), it would be better to create evaluation devices that will reduce the need for value judgment and subjective requiems such that to help in evaluating the efficiency o f the business organization in a better way. Types of scale According to Homburg, Stierl Bornemann (2013), the statically analysis of the business organization requires field measurement of the dependent variables influencing the analysis technique. The measurement needs to be carried out depending on the type of information involved in the type of the analysis. Although, the measurement and procedure of measurement may differ in ways they can be classified using fundamental categories like the nominal scale measuring unit uses a nominal scale which simply categorizes the responses, revenue, profitability, performance related to a business organization. According to Csikszentmihalyi Larson (2014), the most important feature of the nominal scale is that it does not imply on the offering among the responses. Variables to explain reliability and validity properties According to Lussier Corman (2015), the sales of the firm is an independent variable that influences the metrics such as the growth of the sales revenue for the firm. Again, the customers service standards is an another indecent variable that influences the perceptions of the customers in respective of their purchasing decisions. Hypothesis H1: Innovation in the manufacturing process would be helping in affecting the revenue growth H2: Customer service is an important dependent variable that helps in influencing the revenue growth H3: Increment in sales would be helping in increasing the revenue. H4: Implementation of appropriate marketing technique would be enabling the organization in increasing the revenue growth Corporate life cycle theory The theory depicts the model of evolution of the businesses by describing the progression of the organizations through multiple phases and factors. The theory helps in illustrating the growth and measurements related to the business organizations in the market. According to the theory, growth of a firm is a process faction which is influenced by the change in some of the variables. The theory depicts that the measures of the growth rate of the forms are inter dependent and inter related. Based on the theory, the various factors faceting the growth rate of the firm can be illustrated by the following diagram: Conceptual model Figure 1: Conceptual model for factors affecting the revenue system Source: Created by author Develop and justify questionnaire Q1: What are the independent and dependent variables affecting the profitability and the revenue growth in a business organization? The above questionnaire would be helping the researcher to gain valuable and adequate information related to the various factors that help in affecting the revenue growth and profitability of the business organization. Factors affecting the information related to the questionnaire As the questionnaire is information sensitive, lot of employees would be reluctant to disclose the confidential information related to their business organization. Moreover, there is also a possibility of biasness in the response of the employees as the information is susceptible to the reputation of the organization. Research plan Population In order to collect quality and useful information random sample of respondent should be selected for the construction of the survey the respondent should be belonging to the organization that would be providing with the valuable and adequate information related to the research topic. Moreover, the conduction of service should be based on the questionnaire which should be provided to the respondents in order to collect the information. Sampling frame Figure 2: Sampling frame for the research process Source: Created by author Conduction of sampling frame Sample Frequency Population (%) Gender Male 66 56 Female 57 44 Age 24-35 35 32 35-50 56 45 51 above 26 23 Hierarchy level CEO 8 4 Manager 54 25 Supervisors 45 32 Workers 63 39 Table 1: Sampling frame for Ssmpling data collection Source: Created by author Target sample size The main objective for the Data Collection process is to collect 100 samples from the respondents which have to be randomly selected. The respondents would be responsible to provide useful and adequate information related to the research topic on the basis of research questionnaire been set in the research process. Data collection mode In order to collect data for the research process, a sample form should be created which should be containing the set of questionnaires as prepared in the research paper. The questions content should be listed in the form multiple choice questions on an individuals basis such that the respondent would be able to provide their opinions on the basis of the questionnaire related to the research topic. The conduction process of Data Collection should be conducted in the form of survey. This survey should be requiring the respondents to fill up the research questionnaire forms belonging to the organization being selected for the resources the employees of the organization including the CEO, managers, supervisors and the workers of the organization acquired information.. Reviewing the records and measuring of the business organization availability of data is a very crucial factors where is availability of data can be evaluated by the collection of relevant data related to the business orga nization which requires both time and money. Thus, it is very crucial for the researcher to conduct a survey and get the desired information in a quick and easy manner. The conduction of the survey on the basis of the research topic requires the respondents to fill up the research questionnaire forms information of trains with the survey would be helping in providing the precision in respective of the data accuracy to a level that the information being acquired in the requested is relevant and valuable to the research topic Analysis of data Data analysis technique could be focusing on the quantitative analysis. The conduction of the quantitative analysis approach would be helpful in making the outcome of the research process to be more productive in respective of research study being selected (Byrne, Jordan Welle, 2013). This quantitative approach would be helping the researcher to gain appropriate knowledge about the research topic based on the responses as provided by the sample respondent in respective of the business problems related to the case organization. Ethical implications While conducting the research survey, the researcher needs to follow the following code of conduct while implementing the research process: Confidentiality: While conducting the survey, the researcher needs to keep the information confidential enough such that the data remains safe from reaching the unsafe hands of an outsider or is miscued in the process (Bell, 2014). This maintenance of the confidentiality of the information being collected in the research process should be the major priority of the while conducting the research process. Integrity: Data integrity is another aspect that the researcher meds to consider during the implementation of the research process. The integrity of the information is to be maintained in the sense that it is not altered or modified by any means during the condition of the research process. Privacy: Data privacy is another important aspect of any ethical code of incite which requires the information to be safe and secured in order to prevent the same to be exposed to the outsiders. Thus, the researcher is required to destroy they confidential information after the meeting of all the objectives of the research process. References Aaker, D.A. (2012) Building Strong Brands, 2nd ed. London: Simon Schuster. Bell, J., (2014).Doing Your Research Project: A guide for first-time researchers. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Byrne, M.D., Jordan, T.R. Welle, T., (2013). Comparison of manual versus automated data collection method for an evidence-based nursing practice study.Applied clinical informatics,4(1), pp.61-74. Carland, J.W. Carland, J.C., (2015). A model of potential entrepreneurship: Profiles and educational implications.Journal of Small Business Strategy,8(1), pp.1-14. Crouch, C. Pearce, J. (2012) Doing Research in Design - Page 68, 2nd ed. London: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Csikszentmihalyi, M. Larson, R., (2014). Validity and reliability of the experience-sampling method. InFlow and the Foundations of Positive Psychology(pp. 35-54). Springer Netherlands. Figliozzi, M. Blanc, B., (2015).Evaluating the Use of Crowdsourcing as a Data Collection Method for Bicycle Performance Measures and Identification of Facility Improvement Needs(No. FHWA-OR-RD-16-04). Freling, T.H. Forbes, L.P., (2013). An empirical analysis of the brand personality effect.Journal of Product Brand Management Homburg, C., Stierl, M. Bornemann, T., (2013). Corporate social responsibility in business-to-business markets: how organizational customers account for supplier corporate social responsibility engagement.Journal of Marketing,77(6), pp.54-72 Klyatis, L., (2015).Introduction to Successful Predicting of Product Performance (Reliability, Durability, Safety, Quality, Recalls, Profit, Life Cycle Cost, and Others)(No. 2015-01-0487). SAE Technical PaperMurty, K.S., Fields, M.M., Herd-Clark, D.J., Vyas, A.G., Hill, E.L., Wyche, B., Byrd, D. Shavers, S.R., (2013). CONGRESSIONAL PROGRESSIVE CAUCUS AGENDA: CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR 2012 ELECTIONS.Race, Gender Class,20(1/2), p.56. Lussier, R.N. Corman, J., (2015). A business success versus failure prediction model for entrepreneurs with 0-10 employees.Journal of Small Business Strategy,7(1), pp.21-36 Martin, T., (2014). Transport: Getting some new wheels.Connected Home Australia, (Dec 2014), p.50. Palinkas, L.A., Horwitz, S.M., Green, C.A., Wisdom, J.P., Duan, N. Hoagwood, K., (2015). Purposeful sampling for qualitative data collection and analysis in mixed method implementation research.Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research,42(5), pp.533-544. Park, J.G. Lee, J., (2014). Knowledge sharing in information systems development projects: Explicating the role of dependence and trust.International Journal of Project Management,32(1), pp.153-165. Robson, C. McCartan, K., (2016).Real world research. Wiley. Rosenbaum-Elliott, R., Percy, L. Pervan, S., (2015). Strategic brand management. Oxford University Press, USA.

Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom Essay Example

Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom Essay Research on Telecommunications pricing Research on Telecommunications pricing Prepared By: Mina Ibrahim Prepared By: Mina Ibrahim Contents Contents1 Executive Summary2 Theoretical Background3 The Theory of Price3 The Demand Function3 The Demand Function for Telecom industry4 The availability and price of Substitutes amp; Complements4 Research Background6 The Egyptian Scenario6 The Egyptian Company for Mobile Communications (Mobinil)7 Important Milestones7 Mobinil Market Position9 Research Analysis and Results10 Quantity Demand Analysis10 Cross Demand Function11 12 Regression Analysis13 Research Conclusion16 Executive Summary Telecommunication is a fast growing industry which is promising its investors secured and growing revenue due to its important in every person’s life and day to day activities. In particular, mobile telecommunications has been a new entrant to the industry. Starting in late 1990s mobile telecommunications achieved a huge growth in a small period of time. The ability to perform calls in any location to any required destination has been accepted and motivated by the users. The advance in technology has made the mobile products highly available to the public with different price ranges that vary based on the functionality and features produced. On important aspect we will be discussing in this document is the minute rate pricing schema adopted by various operators in Egypt. Pricing has been and will be one of the most important aspects in any business and especially for service providers such as telecom operators. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are two major categories in which pricing can depart from marginal costs as per Armstrong (Armstrong, 2001) 1. The problem caused by fixed and common costs, setting all the prices equal to the marginal costs will not allow the operator to break even 2. Pricing is usually determined in some ad hoc manner and may not reflect the costs at all, depending on that profits from one market may subsidize the other The second point is mainly evident in different pricing schemes applied in the Egyptian market. The literature will be discussing various factors affecting the pricing and will be proposing a way in order to effectively determine the pricing that will achieve profit maximization by increasing the gap between the marginal costs and the marginal revenue. Figure 1 Profit Maximization Theory Theoretical Background The Theory of Price The theory of price is an economics theory that provides the optimum price for a certain good or a service based on the supply and demand forces. In hat theory, each force is studied in details and various factors are combined through regression analysis in order to find the optimum price in which supply and demand are equal to reach the market equilibrium. The Demand Function Demand is the quantity of a certain commodity the consumer is willing to buy at a certain price in a certain period. The demand function of a certain good or service is the relationship between the price of the good or service and the amount of it that consumers are willing and a ble to purchase at that given price. Mathematically the demand function can be stated as follows Dx= f(Px, Ps, Pc, I,T) Where Dx = Demand for commodity X Px = Price for commodity X Ps = Price for Substitutes goods of X Pc = Price for complementary goods of X I = Money Income T = Qualitative factor of taste In the mobile communications market substitutes can be described as fixed line communication and voice over IP communication through the internet such as Skype amp; Magic Jack On the other hand complementary goods are replacements of the mobile calls such as short text messaging (SMS) and Blackberry messaging (BBM). Taste is another important factor that affects demand on the mobile phone usage. A recent incident occurred with one of the largest mobile operators in Egypt Mobinil, in which the former CEO and board member Naguib Sawiris has posted an offensive cartoon on his twitter account, which criticize one of the Islamic beliefs. This incident has caused a boycott of Mobinil service by many people. A 4 per cent decline was incurred in its share price during trading in Cairo. The Demand Function for Telecom industry The availability and price of Substitutes amp; Complements Fixed Line As discussed in the theoretical part, mobile phones have come to substitute the fixed line industry as they provide a very important feature which is not found in the fixed lines which is the portability feature. The below figure shows the rise of the number of subscribers for both the mobile market and the fixed line market Figure [ 2 ] Mobile Operator Total Number of Subscribers and Penetration Rate Figure [ 3 ] Fixed Line Subscribers and Penetration Rate We can see clearly how the penetration rate and growth rate for mobile subscribers has exceeded by far the rates for fixed line subscribers. These figures suggest that phone users in Egypt see the mobile telecommunications as a strong substitute to fixed line phones. We can clearly notice this as mobile phones has been in the hands of the rich and the poor; from a famous business man who uses the phone for important conference calls and emails to the poor grocery man who uses his phone as part of his on-going business receiving requests for delivery items. The pricing schemes as well has its factor of having the mobile communications as a stronger substitute, below figures shows the fixed line pricing schemes Figure [ 4 ] Fixed Line Pricing Schemes The rates has been less by far in mobile to mobile communication, where rates has been as low as 15 pt. which is half the price of fixed to mobile price. Internet Voice over IP, The technology used to transmit voice conversations over a data network using the Internet Protocol. Such data network may be the Internet or a corporate Intranet, or managed networks typically used by long and local service traditional providers and ISPs that use VoIP. VoIP Applications include * PC to PC VoIP * PC to Phone VoIP * Phone to Phone VoIP * Prepaid cards Phone to Phone VoIP The third option is considered as one of the greatest substitute for the telecom industry, several phone applications have been spread that include the functionality of performing VOIP calls, example for such applications include Skype, Viper, and Tango that are widely spread on all types of smart phones. Although VOIP calls are considered cheap, they do not offer carrier grade quality; quality depends on connection and state of Internet traffic. Receivers of calls may blame their network operators (not VoIP operator) for the occasional poor quality. Research Background The Egyptian Scenario Mobile phone services where introduced to Egypt about 10 years ago. Since then the mobile phone service has grown enormously with having the subscriber base covering more than 2 thirds of the Egyptian citizens People use the mobile phone service for various reasons, either for mobile calls or for broadband services. The communication sector achieved a growth rate of 14. 1% and 14. 2% in the FY2006/07 and FY2007/08, respectively. In addition, the sector contribution to the overall real economy kept improving, reaching 3. 5% in FY2007/08, compared to 3. 2% in FY2006/07 and 3% in FY2005/06. Figure [ 5 ] Communications Growth The mobile market in Egypt is currently composed of three players, namely Mobinil, Vodafone and Etisalat. The duopoly of Mobinil and Vodafone ended by the entrance of Etisalat after winning the third mobile license bid in July 2006, with a total consideration of LE16. 7bn. It is worth mentioning that Mobinil, the first mobile operator in Egypt, commenced operation in May 1998, followed by Vodafone, which started rendering mobile services at the end of the same year. The entrance of Etisalat in the Egyptian telecom sector changed the market structure and intensified the competition among the existing market players. In response, mobile operators reduced their tariffs on the different price plans and were motivated to introduce multiple packages, as well as improving their service quality, including network coverage and voice quality, in order to keep their market shares and maintain their growth trends. The Egyptian Company for Mobile Communications (Mobinil) The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (ECMS), launched in May 1998, provides a wide range of telecommunications services. ECMS operates under the brand name â€Å"Mobinil†. It is owned by France Telecom Group (FT), Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) and public market equity investors. FT and OTH have respectively 36. 34% and 34. 66% economic interest in ECMS. The remaining 29% of shares are publicly traded on the Egyptian Exchange. Mobinil offers its customers 3G services and EDGE technology for high speed download, Internet communication, and high capability browsing. It is also working on the deployment of HSPA+ technology. Figure 6 ECMS Company Shareholder Structure Important Milestones Telecommunications Market is a very dynamic and competitive environment, and over the last five years Mobinil has passed by several milestones which have significantly shaped Mobinil’s performance and position at the moment. Figure 7 Important Milestones in Mobinil History In 2007, Etisalat official launch announcement was on 30th of April. Along with announcing the 3G services launch in Cairo. Being the sole 3. 75G network in Egypt has given Etisalat its edge in the market providing faster connection utilizing a distinguished infrastructure notably a NGN over the first IP backbone solution in the country. Although the incumbent is still new in the market, network coverage has extended to make sure there is coverage in all major cities including Cairo, Alexandria, Zagazig, Tanta, Sharm el Sheikh, Luxor and many more. A management decision has been taken not to go for the 3G services, which has been proven to be a bad decision, especially with the deteriorating ARPU the company was achieving by that time, and the Market Share shrinking it was suffering from to both Vodafone and Etisalat. In 2008, Mobinil has officially announced the start of its 3G operations and the launch of the Largest and Newest mobile network in Egypt on the 1st of September, after teaming up with the global telecommunication manufacturers Nokia Siemens Networks and Huawei for the 3G roll out. In 2009, Mobinil dispute began as a disagreement between two of the company’s major shareholders, France Telecom and Orascom Telecom, about the implementation of an agreement they signed in August 2001 as partners in Mobinil’s holding company. Fifty-one percent (51%) of Mobinil’s shares is held by a holding company which, in turn, is co-owned by France Telecom and Orascom Telecom. France Telecom holds 71. 25 percent of the holding company’s shares while Orascom Telecom holds 28. 75 percent of the shares. Orascom also holds a 20 percent direct stake in Mobinil. The remaining 29 percent of Mobinil’s shares are traded freely on Egypt’s stock exchange. Overall, France Telecom controls approximately 36 percent of Mobinil’s shares while Orascom Telecom controls about 35 percent of the company’s shares. The dispute between France Telecom and Orascom Telecom centered on differing strategies for Mobinil. Orascom Telecom favored greater investment in Mobinil than France Telecom. The two shareholders also differed over Mobinil’s budget and expenditures, its marketing strategy, and the start up of its 3G services. 2] In 2007, Orascom Telecom took the dispute to the International Court of Arbitration at the International Chamber of Commerce in Geneva. In 2010, Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (Mobinil) has announced its acquisition of LINKdotNET, the leading private-sector Egyptian internet service provider, from InTouch Communications S. A. E. , a subsidiary of Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), in a landmark deal wh ich will improve customers’ access to a wide array of integrated communications services, will create high value for shareholders, and will benefit Egypt’s telecom sector and the country’s overall economy. At a press conference on 4 July 2010, headed by representatives from Mobinil and LINKdotNET, Mobinil announced the signing of a share sale and purchase agreement with InTouch Communications, a wholly owned subsidiary of OTH for the purchase of 100% of LINKdotNET and Link Egypt (LINK). The enterprise value is USD 130 million. In 2010, France Telecom and Orascom Telecom Holding have presented a joint plan to resolve their long running and acrimonious dispute over the ownership of Egyptian mobile network, Mobinil. The agreement, which has been signed on 15th of April, has effectively brought to an end all disputes in relation to their joint investment in Mobinil. In a statement, FT said that the two groups will continue their partnership on a renewed basis going forward, implementing a revised shareholder agreement but with no change to the existing ownership structure or their shareholders voting rights. In 2011, 25th of January 2011 Revolution took place following a popular uprising that began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and is still continuing as of December 2011. The uprising was mainly a campaign of non-violent  civil resistance, which featured a series of  demonstrations, marches, acts of  civil disobedience, and labor strikes. Millions of protesters from a variety of  socio-economic  and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of the regime of  Egyptian President  Hosni Mubarak. Despite being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and 6,000 injured. The uprising took place in  Cairo,  Alexandria, and in other cities in Egypt, following the  Tunisian revolution  that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president. On 11 February, following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Mubarak resigned from office. Egypt after 25th Jan Revolution has shown a great initiative to be better from all aspects, surprisingly; Egyptians have shown a great social accountability and awareness, after suffering from a very long period of suppression, however the current instability and uncertainty is badly affecting all the industries including the telecommunications. In 2011, Criticism and calls for boycotting were raised tremendously in a response for Mobinil’s founder Naguib Sawiras who has posted some caricature, which has been accused of offending Islam. This has really affected Mobinil severely especially with the MNP availability in Egypt, causing a hundreds of thousands of subscribers’ migration to competition. Mobinil Market Position Mobinil is the oldest and largest operator in Egypt in terms of number of subscribers. Mobinil has maintained market share leadership up until 2011 with almost 32. m subscribers at Year End 2011 close to some 50% of the market. However, it lost the market share leadership to Vodafone in 2011 due to various events, some related to the management structure at that time and other related to the dispute between the two holding companies; Orascom Telecom and France Telecom which had it’s impacts on company flow and management decisions. In addition to the direct competition Mobinil faces from the other two mobile operators, Mobinil is also facing competition on indirect fronts such as fixed lines, payphones, and Internet connectivity. A monopoly on fixed lines remains with Telecom Egypt as the sole provider, which is still a public entity despite its partial liberalization at the end of 2005. Research Analysis and Results Quantity Demand Analysis Since more than 75% of the revenue comes from the prepaid segment and the trend – both in terms of number of subscribers and revenue- is moving in the direction of the prepaid services, we decided to conduct a demand analysis on the prepaid market. Also it is worth to mention that prepaid segment constitutes more than 96 % of the subscriber base making them the most efficient contributors in the economic analysis and demand analysis The figures for the total minutes and the total revenue were obtained for the last three years period, the figures can be referenced in the appendix, the average price per minutes was assumed to be the total revenue divided by the total minutes performed by the subscribers and the demand was mapped to the number of minutes. The below graph shows the price demand curve for the prepaid segment in Mobinil, during the last three years and due to the harsh competition, Mobinil had to drop the average price per minute and accordingly we can notice that as the price decrease the demand has increased since people started to perform more minutes. Figure 8 Price Demand Curve for Mobinil In real life the price demand curve can be noticed clearly, back then at the start of the company, the price per minute was too expensive, average 40 piasters per minute, and the subscribers at that time were performing minimal calls which were done for the sake of emergency of important work. A phenomena back then was raised which was giving missed calls in order to pass greeting, this phenomena resulted in a high call attempts per second that required a lot of capacity extensions, decreasing the price resulted in the decrease in this phenomena were people started doing calls instead of missed calls, this can be illustrated in the increase in both minutes and revenue showed in Figure 8, the below figure shows the decrease of the call attempt per second per subscribers over the period in study. Figure 9 Average Call Attempt per second per sub Cross Demand Function During our analysis, and referring back to the theoretical section, the complementary products was considered as the SMS part which complements the voice call while the supplementary products were considered as the skype and viber calls. An assumption was made was the revenue from the GPRS was considered as a reflection for the price of skype and viber calls, since these calls are made through the data network GPRS connectivity, subscriber would pay for the data session for this call since calls from Skype to Skype or Viber to Viber are for free. Below graphs shows the change in demand versus the price of complementary goods. Below graphs shows the change in demand versus the price of supplementary goods. Regression Analysis As stated in the theoretical section, the demand function is affected by various factors, including the price of the product, price of substitutes and the price of complementary goods. The impact of various factors on the price elasticity of demand is determined through regression analysis which constitutes the impact of each factor of the product demand. Below is the regression analysis output | Coefficients| Standard Error| Intercept| 181,047,973| 7,686,663| Average Price Per Minute (Px)| -209,067,710| 17,507,478| Average Price of Data (Ps)| -2,391,333| 8,670,406| Average Price of SMS (Pc)| -169,109,146| 24,772,181| Below is the best line fit according to the model used Accordingly the price elasticity of demand can be calculated by the below equation Short run price elasticity of demand = The slope of the price * (Average price / Average quantity) The short run price elasticity of demand would equate to 0. 44 Short run cross elasticity of demand = The slope of the price * (Average price / Average quantity) The short run CED for substitutes would equate to 0. 01 The short run CED for complements would equate to 0. 35 Checking the regression statistics below the following is noticed Regression Statistics| Multiple R| 0. 640469195| R Square| 0. 410200789| Adjusted R Square| 0. 406604453| Standard Error| 22321565. 66| Observations| 496| High Standard Error This is due to the fact that other factors affect the demand on voice calls such as the factor of income and taste, referring back the data used in the analysis dated from 2009 – 2012 in which the range of income per person has ranged significantly. We can identify the income per person from the Per capita income or average income or income per person is a measure of mean income within an economic aggregate, such as a country or city. Below figure shows an increase in the per capita income over the years in study. Since the income elasticity of demand affect the product elasticity, this measure could be affecting the price elasticity of demand and accordingly would result a more accurate calculation of the price elasticity of demand. High R Square In statistics, R Square is the proportion of variability in a data set that is accounted for by the statistical model. In our case R Square is equal to 40 % , a high value meaning that means that the fit might not be good enough to represent the real case. One of the main reasons that might result such high value of R Square is the contribution of brand name and taste in the demand of the subscribers on voice calls. Especially in country like Egypt, people tend to change their demand habits based on their emotions or relationship with a certain company or a certain brand. Mobinil brand has always enjoyed a deep relationship with the Egyptian people, being the pure Egyptian telecom company founded by an Egyptian business person rather than other Multinational companies which were either British (Vodafone) or Emirates (Etisalat). However, actions made by top executives like the Naguib Sawiris twitter scandal may result a change of taste of Subscribers were more than million subscriber decided to port out to other operators after this incident. Since the statistics ranged from 2009 to 2011 containing both the deep relationship and confidence gained by Mobinil and its subscribers during 2009, to the relative change of taste due to the twitter scandal in 2011 and that’s why the goodness of fit is expected to be poor. Research Conclusion Currently Mobinil operates in in-elastic region of price elasticity of demand (PED lt; 1) which means that it should increase the price to obtain higher revenue. However due to intensive market competition and the fact of having Etisalat doing extensive price reduction for the price per minute; backed up with financing from the gulf operations, Mobinil is forced to reduce its price to maintain its market share and avoid churn of subscribers. Accordingly, Mobinil should not be the firm to start lowering the prices, in order not to reduce its revenue, however it should be a market follower rather than a market initiator in areas of price reduction. Mobinil should also focus on providing better quality service which would entice upper segment of the community who would be concerned with quality of service rather than the price of service. [ 1 ]. (Footnote continued)

Essay Sample on the Nature of Translation

Essay Sample on the Nature of Translation Many people think that any educated person who knows more than one language can translate and interpret. It is far from the truth. Only translators with good background knowledge, subject knowledge, social and cultural competence and, of course, advanced language skills will be always needed. Translation is a process of conveying information with the help of linguistic and cultural knowledge. The fact that we are able to produce equivalent in English for every word does not mean that we can give an adequate translation of the text. Translation implies that we have capacity to enter into the mind, the world, and the culture of the speakers or writers and we can express their thought in a manner that is not only parallel to the original, but also acceptable to the target language. (A. Duff). While translating we need to be faithful to the original and try to fit into the context in the target language. It is not right to focus on the surface meaning only. Words, sounds and grammar are important, but the attention should also be paid to the ideas and concepts, so called deep meaning. Trying to translate as well as possible, transformation shouldnt be forgotten. The structure of the sentence is different in different languages, so the goal is to find the equivalent surface structure in two languages which correspond to the common deep meaning. Translation involves changing the form of the message from one language to the appropriate form in the second language without changing the deeper meaning (M.Larson). Word for word translation is a result of a wish to be very close to the meaning in the source language, but it is no good. This kind of translation will definitely ruin the real deep meaning and even the surface structure in the target language. Adequate translation means a conceptual identity in both, the source and target languages. Culture in translation plays the biggest and the most important role. It can help in communication and translation, but the lack of knowledge of it can be a great barrier. Wierzbicka argues that we are different people not only because we speak different languages, but we think differently, feel differently and relate to other people differently (A. Wierzbicka). The choices of how to translate should be made very carefully, it requires theoretical knowledge and an understanding of how choices in texts reflect other relationships between senders and receivers of the information. To be a good translator it is one of the most challenging tasks, as it requires switching safely between two universes of discourse. If you need a custom essay, research paper, thesis, term paper, dissertation on Education or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

The Powers of Congress

The Powers of Congress The powers of the United States Congress are set forth in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution. The constitutionally granted powers of Congress are further defined and interpreted by the rulings of the Supreme Court, and by its own rules, customs, and history. The powers explicitly defined by the Constitution are called the â€Å"enumerated powers. Other powers not specifically listed in Section 8, but assumed to exist, are called â€Å"implied powers. Making Laws Of all the powers of Congress, none is more important than its enumerated power to make laws. Article I of the Constitution sets forth the powers of Congress in specific language. Section 8 states, Congress shall have Power †¦ To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Laws arent simply conjured out of thin air, of course. In fact, the legislative process is quite involved and designed to ensure that proposed laws are given careful consideration.   Briefly, any senator or congressman may introduce a bill, after which it is referred to the appropriate legislative committee for hearings. The committee, in turn, debates the measure, possibly offering amendments, then voting on it. If approved, the bill heads back to the chamber from which it came, where the full body will vote on it. Assuming lawmakers approve the measure, it will be sent to the other chamber for a vote. Once the measure clears Congress, it is ready for the president. If both bodies have approved legislation that differs, it must be resolved in a joint congressional committee before being voted on again by both chambers. The legislation then goes to the White House, where the president may either sign it into law or veto it. Congress, in turn, has the power to override a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority in both chambers. Amending the Constitution In addition, Congress has the power to amend the Constitution, though this is a long and arduous process. Both chambers must approve the proposed constitutional amendment by a two-thirds majority, after which the measure is sent to the states. The amendment must then be approved by three-quarters of state legislatures. The Power of the Purse Congress also has extensive powers over financial and budgetary issues. These powers include: levy and collect taxes, duties, and excise fees;allocate money to pay the government’s debts;borrow money on the credit of the United States;regulate commerce between the states and other nations;coin and print money; andallocate money to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, extended Congress’ power of taxation to include income taxes. Its power of the purse is one of Congress primary checks and balances on the actions of the executive branch Armed Forces The power to raise and maintain armed forces is the responsibility of Congress, and it has the power to declare war. The Senate, but not the House of Representatives, has the power to approve treaties with foreign governments, as well. Other Powers and Duties Congress keeps the mail moving by establishing post offices and the infrastructure to keep them going. It also appropriates funds for the judicial branch. Congress can establish other agencies to keep the country running smoothly as well. Bodies such as the Government Accountability Office and the National Mediation Board ensure that the monetary appropriations and the laws that Congress passes are applied properly. Congress can also investigate pressing national issues, famously holding hearings in the 1970s to investigate the Watergate burglary that ultimately ended the presidency of Richard Nixon, and it is charged with supervising and providing a balance for the executive and judicial branches. Each house has some exclusive duties as well. The House can initiate laws that require people to pay taxes and can decide whether public officials should be tried if accused of a crime. Representatives are elected to two-year terms, and the Speaker of the House is second in line to succeed the president after the vice president. The Senate is responsible for confirming presidential appointments of Cabinet members, federal judges, and foreign ambassadors. The Senate also tries any federal official accused of a crime, once the House determines that a trial is in order. Senators are elected to six-year terms; the vice president presides over the Senate and has the right to cast the deciding vote in the event of a tie.​ The Implied Powers of Congress In addition to the explicit powers enumerated in Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress also has additional implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which permits it, â€Å"To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.† Through the Supreme Court’s many interpretations of the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Commerce Clause- the enumerated power to regulate interstate commerce- such as McCulloch v Maryland, the true range of the lawmaking powers of Congress extends far beyond those enumerated in Section 8. Updated by Robert Longley   Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer who also works as a copy editor for the Camden Courier-Post. She formerly worked for the Philadelphia Inquirer, where she wrote about books, religion, sports, music, films, and restaurants.

The Developing Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Developing Manager - Assignment Example This therefore means that they are all important, with the main goal being the identification of weaknesses and working on them. The following discussion will focus majorly on managerial skills and leadership characteristics that bring success in the hospitality industry. Question 1.1 Compare and contrast 3 different management styles that are used in an international hotel of your choice For the purpose of this discussion, the Hilton Hotel has been selected for analysis and completion of the assignment. The three main management styles in the hospitality industry are direct authoritative, pacesetters, and democratic affiliative. In the former category, the manager sets very high standards, and ensures that the performance is consistent (Cousins, Foskett, & Gillespie, 2000, 110). They do not tolerate non-performing members. Pacesetters make personal high standards within the organization. They are hard-working and hence motivate the rest of the employees to emulate them. Finally, the democratic affiliative managers ensure they involve others in making decisions, before they can set the standards. All the three are related in the sense that they are aimed at setting high standards within the international hotels. Managerial styles play a significant role in the international hotels (Cousins, Foskett, & Gillespie, 2000, 124). ... Managers understand that they do not have all the answers, hence involve other members. The other comparison is that the managers are the final decision makers. This is especially when the committee fails to agree on which direction should be followed to achieve certain goals. This owes to the fact that the managers have the duty to ensure that the hotels remain functional. They have the right of making any informed decisions, since they will be responsible for failing to act. Thirdly, the three types of managers are the main people behind the mission, vision and goals of the institution. They have articulated them, prompting them to make decisions, and proposals that are in line with what the hotel intends to achieve. For this reason, any activity taking place within the business has to be aligned with the set objectives. Fourthly, the three types of managers have the responsibility of maintaining discipline within the staff members. They reward and punish those who perform exceptio nally, and those who fail to adhere with the rules and regulations respectively. For instance, they may reward employees through promotion, increased wages and salaries, and creating an opportunity for them to add more skills and knowledge. On the other hand, non-compliant employees may be punished through sacking, especially when they are involved in gross misconduct. This is done with an aim of ensuring that all the staff members adhere to the set rules and regulations. This also ensures that the relationship between the customers and the hotel is enhanced. In addition to that, the reputation of the hotel is upheld, which is imperative in a competitive environment. Another major comparison between the three is that the managers set the organization culture. The latter

Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Assessment - Assignment Example Significant age comprising this population embrace those aged, 15-24, 25-4 years, which is an active unit of the entire society thus representing 19.3 and 45.4% respectively. However, this increasing trend turns to an abrupt turn when the population age exceeds 55 years representing only 4.5%. The entire state being among those countries in desert regions and the increasing prices of oil rising rapidly, Saudi Arabia has become chief importer of solar panels. Studies so far conducted cite it is the first state in the Middle East (1977) to have embraced solar energy, which makes it a potential and promising market for this commodity (Bahgat 86). The other key aspect that prompted this state in embracing this renewable energy option encompasses its realization of being cheaper especially in generation electricity rather than oil whose prices are hiking by the day (Government Printing Office 15447). Hence, the state becomes a target for solar panels that suit it effectively considering its region characterized high temperatures and much exposure to much sunlight. Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 4, March 11 to April 6 2005. Government Printing Office, 2009. Print.

Hemingway Picasso Essay Example for Free

Hemingway Picasso Essay One of the greatest American writers Ernest Hemingway was born on 21 July 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. His parents were very strict and religious, they taught him a love of nature, outdoor life, music and art. He was really good at English and used to write for his school’s newspaper. After graduation, he didn’t go to college. Instead, he went to Kansas to work for a newspaper. A little later he went to the First World War. He couldn’t become a solider because of bad health. He was an ambulance driver and a war correspondent. He wrote a lot during WWI, Spanish Civil War and WWII. His most well-known books,† For Whom the Bell Tolls† and â€Å"Farewell to Arms† are about war. In spite of writing career success, he had problems in his personal life. Hemingway married four times, all his marriages failed. He suffered from depression and alcohol abuse. In the end, Hemingway killed himself with a shotgun.  The greatest painter of the 20th century Pablo Picasso was born on 25 oct. 1881 in Malaga, Spain. His genius was noticed in very early age. He started drawing before he could talk. Even his first word was a Spanish word for â€Å"pencil† â€Å"lapiz†. He was mad about art. His father was an artist too, but young Pablo could draw a lot better. His paintings often shocked people with their unusual elements. He could draw a portrait of a person using only geometric shapes. He changed many ideas about art around the world.  During his life he created over 6 thousand paintings, many of them are masterpieces known worldwide. Nowadays a work of him costs millions of pounds. He married two times, had four children. His last child was born when he was 68. Picasso died of heart failure in 1973

Shadowing :: essays research papers

shadowing experience at Doherty, Duggan and Rousse Insurers was on Wednesday March 20, 2005. At the beginning of the experience there was eight o’clock devotion about the different kinds of â€Å"wants†, we as human beings in a society of wants not needs. I met an array of assistants, accountants and different sales representatives. I met Charlotte Easterling the â€Å"central hub†, the administrative assistant of the entire firm. Regina King, the accounting manager she works on the payroll, which she outsources, pays bills and payables. Laura Coutu, the accounting and system administrator she books for computers the firm uses and she is the day to day computer tech and support. I met Melinda Duggan a sales associate with commercial selling. She oversees the account of Southern Ad trucking company, At nine fifteen there was a sales meeting, sales associates meet to discuss sales calls and sales revenue. Associates talk about different venues to sell to, states commission and also talk about different companies and corporation they sell to or try to sell to. Each sales associate spends about three to four minutes each discussing sales about previous week, commissions ranging from $40.00 to $8000.00. At twelve fifteen the firm have their quarterly meeting called WE Incorporated, the meeting starts out with birthdays and work anniversaries. The accounting manager states TARGETS for each individual department. The different departments state commissions and other new accounts. The different departments vary as such: Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, Claims, Accountant, Administrative, Procedures, Rewards and Recognition and Events. They have a Profile section which sales executives talk about biggest sales of a particular departments and the firms accolades, this week was Fred Taylor Trucking Company, Southern AD carriers who have been with the firm since they had 5 trucks and 17 trailers, they now have 327 trucks and 239 trailers, lastly the firm mentioned Water, Gas and Light Commission which is their largest account.

Hiroshima- Book Report

Hiroshima – John Hersey Book Report – Natalie Kirby Hiroshima by John Hersey is a collection of biographies from six survivors from the bombing of Hiroshima. John Hersey wrote this book as an essay at first, but then the New York newspaper made a big deal out of it and how good it was. So a few months later he got it published. The setting of this book is in Hiroshima, Japan during the bombing (1945) and after the bombing.John Hersey wrote this book to tell what these six people were doing when the bomb hit, how they survived, what their reaction was to the damage and the aftermath of their lives. This book wasn’t all that interesting but I liked the part where Mr. Tanimoto was running to get to his church and city. Along the why he found his wife and their new born infant, yet he did not embrace them instead he simply said, â€Å"Oh, good your safe. † Then he listened to his wife tell him how she got out and where she was heading.After that the two split up again. I think it is interesting how shock can affect people. In this book John Hersey explains what each person was doing during the day minutes before the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. All of the six people were going about their business on what they thought was going to be a normal day. Miss. Toshnki Sasaki was a clerk in the East Asia Tin Works, Dr. Masakazu was a physician a few family problems, Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura was a Tailor’s widow, Father Wilhelm Kliensorge was a German priest, Dr.Terufumi Sasaki was a young surgeon, and Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto was a pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist Church. All of them experienced an extremely bright flash that momentarily blinded them. Seconds later they were pushed out away from the center were the bomb was dropped. Most of them were buried under the debris of the buildings they were in or standing right next to. Then they all went into shock and migrated to the park, which was not affected by the bomb, for shelter many grabb ed clothes and food that was still good.As the people went to the park they suffered many problems caused by the radiation in the bomb and had to make many hospital visits. The last part of the book is the aftermath and how the people lived their lives after the bombing. This book was a very informational, however I would not recommend it to someone looking for an action filled or just a good read. Also I would only recommend this book to 8th graders and higher.

Capiz Brief History Essay

Geographic location and Demography The Western part of Central Visayas, Philippines comprises the Province of Antique, Iloilo, Capiz and Aklan all located within the roughly triangular shaped island of Panay. shaped island of Panay Capiz is one of the six provinces in the Western Visayas found on the northeastern portion in the island of Panay. Shaped like an open palm, it is situated at the heart of the Philippine Archipelago at 11 ° 35†² 0†³ North latitude and 122 ° 45†² 0†³ East Longitude . The Province is bounded by the Sibuayan Sea on the North, where Roxas City and the six (6) coastal municipalities: Ivisan, Sapian, Panay, Pontevedra, Pres Roxas, and Pilar are wholly dependent on fishing for their existence. It is bounded on the South and Southeast by Iloilo Province, on the Southwest by the Province of Antique, and on the West and Northwest by the Province of Aklan. Aklan. The coast of Capiz sustains the vibrant fishing industry of the province. Its rich fishing grounds can be a basis for the claim of Capiz as the seafood capital of the Philippines. Roxas City, the provincial capital, where the largest in terms of population size Capiz has a population of 701,664 (2007 census). Among the sixteen municipalities and one city of Capiz, Roxas City, the provincial capital, has the largest population comprising 19.32 percent of the total provincial population Followed next by the municipalities of Tapaz (6.74 percent); Panay (6.21 percent); Dumarao (6.16 percent); and Pontevedra (6.13 percent). On the other hand, Sapian, Cuartero, Ivisan and Dumalaghave the smallest population with less than 4.0 percent each. Linguistic Identity Capiznon refers to the culture anguage and the people of Capiz province. The Capiznon speaks Kinaraya and Hiligaynon, with slightly different inflection compared to Ilonggo speakers in Iloilo. The towns of Ivisan and Sapian of Capiz which are already near Aklan speak Ilonggo mixed with some aklanon words. Those in the interiormost town of Tapaz, Capiz,– home of the mountain people (Bukidnon)– speak Kinaray-a. with some aklanon words. Those in the nteriormost town of Tapaz, Capiz,– home of the mountain people(Bukidnon)– speak Kinaray-a Myths, Folk Beliefs and Practices The early Panaynon believed in many gods like Bulalakaw, a bird which Gods like Bulalakaw, a bird which looks ike a peacock and could cause illness was said to live in the islands sacred mountain called Madya-as. Mediators to the gods, also said to be the first priests, were; Bangutbanwa, who prayed for good harvest and an orderly universe; Mangindalon, who interceded for sick persons and prayed for the punishment of enemies.

Human Growth Hormones(HGH) essays

Human Growth Hormones(HGH) essays The topic of whether Human Growth Hormone (HGH) should be administered to children who are considered to be hormone deficient children. Several doctors have been devoted to the serious study of the effects of Human Growth Hormones and have found out a lot about this topic since its first use in 1958. The first known use of it was in 1958 when doctors extracted hormones from cadavers and injected it into hormone deficient children. Although they saw an increase in height the children were still said to be shorter than average. In the 1980s the FDA approved HGH but only for use in hormone deficient children and elderly patients who really need the hormones but since then HGH distributors have turned their companies into hundred million dollar companies due to use of the product by bodybuilders. Although the use of HGH is now legal does not mean that it is morally or ethically condoned by society. In the reading two articles I hope to clarify any concerns of people who are thinking ab out putting themselves or others on Human Growth Hormones. In surveying several articles about the use of HGH in young children to increase the height of hormone deficient children I found an article written by Jenny Everett, a Popular Science assistant editor, where she describes to us about her brother who is considered to be hormone deficient. She asks the question of, should we really be giving a 9-year-old child hormone injections just to treat him for his stature? Jenny tells us when she gave her first shot of Humatrope to her little brother, he knew more about giving the shot than she did, this being his 37th injection. The reason her 9-year-old little brother receives these injections is because he is considered to be in the 1.2 percentile of people who will not grow over 53 when they are fully-grown. Human growth is an invisible but intense process, an intricate and little understood web of genes, hormones and other variables ...

How to Write About Ranges

How to Write About Ranges How to Write About Ranges How to Write About Ranges By Mark Nichol A range is, in written expression, the numerical difference between or among two or more values, or a pair of elements denoting the end points on, and perhaps one or more elements along, a continuum. Using sentences with errors in expressing ranges, this post discusses how to correctly do so in writing. The school enrolls students in grades 9 12. The correct treatment of a range numbers expressed in numerals is one number followed by an en dash (although some publications employ a hyphen) and another number, with no letter spaces: â€Å"The school enrolls students in grades 9–12.† This style, with a numeral range, is correct even when a publication uses a style system in which references to numbers are usually spelled out if the number is one hundred or less. However, if the range is expressed with to (or through) instead of a dash, the numbers should, in that case, be spelled out: â€Å"The school enrolls students in grades nine to twelve.† Operating hours are from 9 a.m.–10 p.m. If from precedes the expression of a number range, to, rather than a dash, should intervene between the two values: â€Å"Operating hours are from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.† (If a dash is preferred, delete from: â€Å"Operating hours are 9 a.m.–10 p.m.†) Only a handful of school districts within a 30-40 mile radius rank among the top twenty-five school districts. The solution for this example is not simply to replace the hyphen with a dash; the range must be recast as shown here: â€Å"Only a handful of school districts within a 30- to 40-mile radius rank among the top twenty-five school districts.† The expressed range is not â€Å"30–40†; it is â€Å"a 30-mile radius to 40-mile radius,† with the first value truncated to the number and a suspensive hyphenation. (This range can also be expressed â€Å"a radius of 30 to 40 miles.†) Qualifying businesses are those with revenues of $10–$20 billion. This sentence suggests that the low end of the range is $10, rather than $10 billion. Except in the case of suspensive hyphenation, values should be fully expressed: â€Å"Qualifying businesses are those with revenues of $10 billion–$20 billion.† The sanctions impact the economy broadly, affecting business transactions ranging from the import of airplanes; the export of caviar, carpets, and pistachios; and the manufacturing of cars. The sequence of phrases specifying trade and production of goods does not constitute a list; it is a range that includes three elements. From must be complemented by to, and the semicolons are extraneous and intrusive: â€Å"The sanctions impact the economy broadly, affecting business transactions ranging from the import of airplanes to the export of caviar, carpets, and pistachios and the manufacturing of cars.† These range from restricting access for the sanctioned entity to the US financial system, to prohibitions on investing in a sanctioned entity, to restrictions on imports from the sanctioned entity, to the exclusion from the U.S. of controlling officers or controlling shareholders of a sanctioned entity. Elements consisting of a sequence of phrases indicating a range and beginning with one element preceded by from and one or more subsequent elements preceded by to should not be interrupted by punctuation: â€Å"These sanctions range from restricting access for the sanctioned entity to the US financial system to prohibitions on investing in a sanctioned entity to restrictions on imports from the sanctioned entity to the exclusion from the United States of controlling officers or controlling shareholders of a sanctioned entity.† If the sentence is not clear without punctuation, recast the sentence. In many cases, including the sentence used as an example here, the use of from and to as signifiers of a range is not necessary, as a given sequence may not necessarily indicate a range that implies priority of one phrase over another. (Here, the sequence does not explicitly express increasingly strict sanctions, though they may be inferred to be so.) When this is true, simply revise the sentence to express a simple list: â€Å"These sanctions include restricting access for the sanctioned entity to the US financial system, prohibitions on investing in a sanctioned entity, restrictions on imports from the sanctioned entity, and the exclusion from the United States of controlling officers or controlling shareholders of a sanctioned entity.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtHow to Pronounce MobileTrooper or Trouper?

Short essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Short essays - Essay Example The group has independent variable, which is tested against observed changes. Control group separates the group from the experiment; independent variable in this group has no effect over results. 1. The position the author take in this article is the characteristic of Tom DeLay. The article illustrates that the un-Texan politician is usually mean. This implies that he has some weaknesses as a politician in the Texas polls. 2. The author illustrates that Tom DeLay, the former Congressman and also Texan Republican, uses unique political tactics in Texas. He is a well intentioned politician, who has agreeable political weaknesses. For instance, he is genuinely feared and hated in Washington. 3. The rhetorical devices used in this article aims at conveying a meaning, with the purpose of persuading opinion. The author illustrates that Tom DeLay is hated and feared by other Washington politicians, because he is mean and has foolish behaviors. 1. The premise employed by the author illustrates commitment to political doctrines. Political debates continuously happen, because void political opinions. If a political belief is proved to be true, individuals must be intolerant to the other beliefs. 2. The article concludes that the political positions generate rewards through fixing social problems. Individuals who have different opinions are instrumental in determining the rightness of a given political issue. In the illustration, the presumed cause is the previous incarnation, while presumed effect is blue eyes. This example illustrates an example that is not easily tested. This is because previous incarnation details are vague and void. There is an appropriate way of testing the blue eyes situation. This is through a laboratory experiment (Born,

Managing Communication in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Managing Communication in Business - Essay Example Organizational communication is very important as for a business to precede and expand, the management should have strong communication ties with its employees. Non-verbal communication is a category of communication that plays a crucial role in terms of organizational communication. In this paper, all kinds of non-verbal communication are described that can affect organizational communication. Along with the description of forms of non-verbal communication, the factors such as gender, age and culture are also analyzed in the paper. After description of all the forms of non-verbal communication, a conclusion is given. The conclusion summarizes the whole essay in a short form. Kinesics can be explained as body movements (Pelachaud, et. al 1996). There are many kinds of bodily movements such as making use of emblematic signs through hands or fingers, making use of hands or legs to stress on or illustrate something, by regulating spoken or listened words and sentences, expression of feelings through bodily movements and gestures and by making use of some adapter to indicate towards a meaningful situation (Depaulo 1992). Body movements are employed in many ways to communicate non-verbally (Argyle 1988). Making use of emblems, adapters, illustrating, adjusting and revealing feelings and gestures, all come in kinesics. In an organizational setting, people make use of kinesics to communicate and by repetitive usage of some bodily movements; people identify them (Burgoon, et.al 1996). For different cultures, people make use of different emblems for the same message. For example, for admitting to some suggestion, many people make use of bowing the head a little, while others can make use of hands to indicate, â€Å"Yes† (Gudykunst and Ting-Toomey 1988). Through body movements, people can communicate their feelings and expressions (Harbridge 1998). In case, a person is tense, he/she can move back and forth that is a clear sign of

Avoiding Burn-out in Community College Technical Educators Term Paper

Avoiding Burn-out in Community College Technical Educators - Term Paper Example Role conflict, role ambiguity, lack of intellectual work environment, and absence of institutional support to counter stress and development of burnout, are some of the issues educators cope with. Further, the teaching of online courses present new issues that community college educators have to additionally deal with. The occurrence and consequences of burnout in the faculty will be identified. To avoid developing burnout and to prevent stress, various effective techniques and strategies will be examined. These include: increasing the academic scholarship of community college educators to raise their knowledge background for enhanced student outcomes, applying the wellness approach to avoiding faculty burnout, workshops for reducing burnout, the provision of an environment of social support by community colleges, administrators’ promotion of faculty vitality, implementation of effective strategies to reduce workplace stress and consequent burnout, and the faculty eliminating burnout by improving their relationship with work. Avoiding Burnout in Community College Technical Educators Introduction Community colleges are public-funded institutions providing two year courses in higher education, mainly for the local community (Cohen & Brawer, 2009). Community colleges generally offer certificates, diplomas and/ or Associate degrees for various courses. A wide range of teaching personnel are employed by community colleges. The faculty may include â€Å"full time teaching instructors, part-time or adjunct instructors, librarians, staff in student personnel services† (Miller, Finley & Vancko, 2000, p.22), and occasionally college administrators teaching a course. Because of excessive work loads, diverse and academically under-prepared students, greater pressure for meeting performance expectations, increased accountability and other challenges, community college technical educators commonly experience burnout. Burnout is a depressive disorder which devel ops gradually over a period of time. It arises from an individual’s perceptions of unmet needs, unfulfilled expectations or threatening conditions. Besides progressive disillusionment as well as decline in self-esteem, the individual’s perception of being trapped in the situation and inability to cope with their feelings of hopelessness lead to the condition (Gold & Roth, 1993). Thesis Statement: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the significance of community colleges, identify the challenges affecting teaching effectiveness of the faculty, examine the prevalence of burnout in community college technical educators, and determine effective means by which the faculty can avoid burnout. Community Colleges and their Significance Increasing numbers of students opt to complete their first two years of post-secondary education at community colleges. At present there are more than eleven hundred community colleges in the United States enrolling approximately 6.6 mill ion students, and employing around three hundred and thirty thousand full time faculty. â€Å"Community college faculty in the United States constitutes a major labor force, and represents one-third of all postsecondary faculty† (Levin, Kater & Wagoner, 2006, p.3). The two-year colleges function as stepping stones to higher education courses consisting of fewer years, which would otherwise be inaccessible for many students on the basis of costs as well as adequate academic preparation.

Analysis and evaluation of the NHS

Analysis and evaluation of the NHS The National Health Service (NHS) provides healthcare for all UK citizens based on their need for healthcare rather than their ability to pay for it. NHS is funded by taxes. This report identifies the problem with NHS with problem solving tools and techniques. For finding this problem Casual Loop and BOT methodologies has been used. NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICE (NHS): On 5 July 1948, NHS was launched by Health Secretary Aneurin Bevan and for the first time health care became free to all UK citizen. In 1952, Patients started being charged for prescription. First mass vaccination programme for polio and diphtheria started in 1958. Before this, there were 8000 cases of polio and 70000 of diphtheria each year. In 1961, contraceptive pills were launched which gives women control over how many children they have. In 1962, Health Minister Enoch Powell put forward The Hospital Plan which set out a 10 year vision for hospital building. Every population of 125,000 was to get a hospital or district general hospital as they become known. In 1967 Abortion Act was passed by a free vote of MPs and introduced by Liberal MP David Steel which made abortion legal up to 28 weeks if a womans mental or physical health was at risk and further limit reduced to 24 weeks in 1990. In 1968, UKs first heart transplant surgery was carried out in the National Heart Hospital in London with 18 doctors and nurses operating a 45 year old man for seven hours. CT scanners were used for first time in 1972. CT scanners started to be used on patients through the development of the previous five years. CT scan machines take pictures of the body to develop 3D images, revolutionising investigations of the body. Worlds first test tube baby was born on 25 July 1978 before midnight in Oldham District General Hospital. To reduce breast cancer deaths in women over 50, breast screening was introduced in 1988 and along with improved drug treatment screening was estimated to have cut deaths by a fifth. In 1990 NHS and Community Care Act was introduced by the legislation which was known as the NHS internal market with health authorities given their own budgets to buy care for local populations from hospitals. In 1994 organ donor register created to co-ordinate supply and demand. It was the result of a five year campaign by John and Rosemary Cox whose son Peter died in 1989 and he had asked for his organs to be used to help others. In 2006, patients were given the choice of four or five hospitals, ending the long held tradition of going where GPs decides. The scheme has now been extended to include all hospitals in England but not adopted elsewhere in UK. PEST ANALYSIS: A review of the political, economic, social and technical (PEST) environment involves analysing the environment for any organisation. UK based healthcare provider for the public, NHS funded by contributions made from taxes distributed by the government to each of the trusts. NHS operates within a politically stable economy with funds pledged by both previous and current governments to the service for improvements in healthcare and salaries for staff. NHS facing the economic environment is a growing economy with a rising elderly population and less working people to support them. It has become increasingly difficult to recruit medical staff and shortages have often been counteracted by employing staff from other European Union countries which in turn increases the population within the UK. The social environment shapes beliefs, values and norms (Kotler). Belief is the core values of the health service and the services it offers was high on the publics list of concerns during the last general election as if NHS is an internal part of the UK and its culture. The technological environment is moving fast within the health care sector with continually development of drugs, advancement of techniques for operations and the use of technologies for both medical and administrative procedures. SWOT ANALYSIS: Strengths: There is no real competitor for the NHS although it doesnt have monopoly in the market. Accident and Emergency service is unique to the NHS though private hospitals are available throughout the UK. The NHS has continued to grow and expand upon its services since it was established in 1948. NHS maintains good relationship with health community partners. Weaknesses: Due to increasing population NHS is unable to cope with the demand. High waiting time for the patients. Bad behaviours and attitudes of some staff. Opportunities: Uses of marketing strategies to raise the profile of the NHS. Partnerships and joint ventures with private and voluntary sector. Threats: Work of contractors affects image of NHS. High turnover of staff. Shift of services to primary care. CAUSAL LOOP DIAGRAM: Causal Loop Diagrams contain several components: One or more feedback loops that are either reinforcing or balancing processes. Cause and effect relationships among the variables. Delays. Where feedback reduces the impact of change, it is a Balancing loop. Balancing loops try to bring things to a desired state and keep them there. Where feedback increases the impact of change, it is a Reinforcing loop. Reinforcing loops compound changes in one direction with even more changes in that direction. Causal Loop Diagram has two kinds of relationships between variables: When variable A changes, variable B changes in the same(S) direction. It is indicated by (S) in the diagram. When variable A changes, variable B changes in the opposite (O) direction. It is indicated by (O) in the diagram. The Causal Loop Diagram for NHS contains variables which are as follow: Number of Doctors, Nurses and other medical staff: The number of doctors, Nurses and other medical staff working in the NHS is inversely related to the waiting time for patients. This implies that when the number of staff increases, the waiting time for patients decreases because of added capacity. The number of staff working with NHS depends on softer variables such as their morale and work environment. Number of Patients on the Waiting List: This refers to the number of patients on NHS waiting list. The waiting list becomes short when a large number of patients shift from NHS to private health care and becomes particularly long due to seasonal peaks. Waiting time: This is time a patient has to wait before he/she can be treated by NHS. Number of hospitals, beds, medical equipment: The number of hospitals, beds and medical equipment are dependent on the annual NHS budget and funding. If there is a lack of these resources than it would increase tension in the system and it would take longer to treat patients. Perceived quality of Health Services (Waiting time, Treatment and After Care): -This varies from patient to patient, if the waiting time is too long, the perceived quality of the service is low and this in turn causes more people to complain against the NHS. Number of Complaints: Dissatisfaction of the patients due to increase in waiting times leads to an increase in complaints against the NHS. This increases pressure on the government and the Department of Health by acts of the National Audit Office. Number of Patients shifting to private Health care: The patients dissatisfied by the long waiting times of NHS, started complaining and shifting to private health care. Government action: Longer waiting lists increased media pressure causing the Government to increase its annual NHS budget which relaxes the system temporarily as new funds increases the NHS capacity. Investment in facilities, Medical equipment and information technology: An increase in the NHS budget allows the NHS to hire more medical staff and improve the capacities in hospitals. More patients can be treated within short time and the waiting lists can become shorter as the budget increases. Partnership with Private Health Care: NHS cannot cope with the excessive demand when the waiting lists become too long. So it tends to outsource its service to private health care e.g. BUPA, NHS express surgery units in partnership with state run German and French health care firms. This is quick and short way to fix the problem and tends to bring down the waiting time in the short run. Morale of doctors and other medical staff: This is a soft variable that depends on factors like the quality of the work environment in the NHS hospitals, the work pressure and employee satisfaction. The morale of doctors and other medical staff has a positive effect on the quality of service provided to patients. It also determines the number of doctors and medical staff that stay with NHS or join NHS. Number of patients coming back to the NHS: The waiting list tends to decrease when a large number of patients shift to private health care or/and when the NHS budget is increased to support improved health care. The waiting time for the treatment becomes short and due to this some of the patients who had previously shifted to private health care return to NHS. This once again increases the waiting list of the patients. All the actions and movements of these variables are shown in the Causal Loop Diagram of NHS (figure 1) Figure : Causal Loop Diagram for NHS Key: = Loop 1(Balancing Loop) = Loop 5(Reinforcing Loop) S = Augmenting Relationship O = Inhibiting Relationship The causal loop diagram suggests that a deeper set of forces is at work and the problem situation to be modelled is complex and dynamic. It is necessary to consider both hard variable (number of beds and hospitals) and soft variables (morale of staff). There are 6 loops in the system. There are 2 positive loops or reinforcing loops and 4 loops are negative or balancing loops. In loop 1, increasing number of patients on waiting list increases the waiting time which leads to dissatisfaction and complaints against the NHS. This also switches some patients to private health care. Increasing pressure from public and media forces the government to increase the NHS budget. This tends to have positive effect on the system by increasing NHS capacity and reducing the waiting list. Loop 1 is affected by loop 5 which is positive and reinforcing loop. Some patients decide to return to NHS from private health care as waiting list is decline. This increases the waiting list once again. Hence, there are no proper solutions to the problem or solution is difficult to achieve. Many obvious solutions to the problem like increasing the NHS budget failed in the past. The causal loop diagram contains more negative loops than positive loops. Hence the system appears to be a negative system that tends to counter uncontrolled deviation and stabilise if the waiting list increases significantly. CONCLUSION: NHS is the UK health care service run by the government funded through the taxes. This report shows environmental condition of NHS through PEST analysis and Strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of NHS through the SWOT analysis. The causal loop diagram for NHS point out the main problem of NHS which is increasing waiting time for patients and a temporary increase in resources (NHS budget) gave short run solution for the problem. RECOMMENDATION: Collaboration with private health service to decline waiting time. NHS should maintain good relationship with private health service. NHS should overcome its weakness through its strength and reduce its threats through appropriate use of its opportunities. Increase its work force and equipment. NHS should stop the contract based employee and there should be better coordination between doctors, nurses and other employees.