Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom Essay Example

Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom Essay Research on Telecommunications pricing Research on Telecommunications pricing Prepared By: Mina Ibrahim Prepared By: Mina Ibrahim Contents Contents1 Executive Summary2 Theoretical Background3 The Theory of Price3 The Demand Function3 The Demand Function for Telecom industry4 The availability and price of Substitutes amp; Complements4 Research Background6 The Egyptian Scenario6 The Egyptian Company for Mobile Communications (Mobinil)7 Important Milestones7 Mobinil Market Position9 Research Analysis and Results10 Quantity Demand Analysis10 Cross Demand Function11 12 Regression Analysis13 Research Conclusion16 Executive Summary Telecommunication is a fast growing industry which is promising its investors secured and growing revenue due to its important in every person’s life and day to day activities. In particular, mobile telecommunications has been a new entrant to the industry. Starting in late 1990s mobile telecommunications achieved a huge growth in a small period of time. The ability to perform calls in any location to any required destination has been accepted and motivated by the users. The advance in technology has made the mobile products highly available to the public with different price ranges that vary based on the functionality and features produced. On important aspect we will be discussing in this document is the minute rate pricing schema adopted by various operators in Egypt. Pricing has been and will be one of the most important aspects in any business and especially for service providers such as telecom operators. We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Research on Price Elasticity of Demand for Telecom specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There are two major categories in which pricing can depart from marginal costs as per Armstrong (Armstrong, 2001) 1. The problem caused by fixed and common costs, setting all the prices equal to the marginal costs will not allow the operator to break even 2. Pricing is usually determined in some ad hoc manner and may not reflect the costs at all, depending on that profits from one market may subsidize the other The second point is mainly evident in different pricing schemes applied in the Egyptian market. The literature will be discussing various factors affecting the pricing and will be proposing a way in order to effectively determine the pricing that will achieve profit maximization by increasing the gap between the marginal costs and the marginal revenue. Figure 1 Profit Maximization Theory Theoretical Background The Theory of Price The theory of price is an economics theory that provides the optimum price for a certain good or a service based on the supply and demand forces. In hat theory, each force is studied in details and various factors are combined through regression analysis in order to find the optimum price in which supply and demand are equal to reach the market equilibrium. The Demand Function Demand is the quantity of a certain commodity the consumer is willing to buy at a certain price in a certain period. The demand function of a certain good or service is the relationship between the price of the good or service and the amount of it that consumers are willing and a ble to purchase at that given price. Mathematically the demand function can be stated as follows Dx= f(Px, Ps, Pc, I,T) Where Dx = Demand for commodity X Px = Price for commodity X Ps = Price for Substitutes goods of X Pc = Price for complementary goods of X I = Money Income T = Qualitative factor of taste In the mobile communications market substitutes can be described as fixed line communication and voice over IP communication through the internet such as Skype amp; Magic Jack On the other hand complementary goods are replacements of the mobile calls such as short text messaging (SMS) and Blackberry messaging (BBM). Taste is another important factor that affects demand on the mobile phone usage. A recent incident occurred with one of the largest mobile operators in Egypt Mobinil, in which the former CEO and board member Naguib Sawiris has posted an offensive cartoon on his twitter account, which criticize one of the Islamic beliefs. This incident has caused a boycott of Mobinil service by many people. A 4 per cent decline was incurred in its share price during trading in Cairo. The Demand Function for Telecom industry The availability and price of Substitutes amp; Complements Fixed Line As discussed in the theoretical part, mobile phones have come to substitute the fixed line industry as they provide a very important feature which is not found in the fixed lines which is the portability feature. The below figure shows the rise of the number of subscribers for both the mobile market and the fixed line market Figure [ 2 ] Mobile Operator Total Number of Subscribers and Penetration Rate Figure [ 3 ] Fixed Line Subscribers and Penetration Rate We can see clearly how the penetration rate and growth rate for mobile subscribers has exceeded by far the rates for fixed line subscribers. These figures suggest that phone users in Egypt see the mobile telecommunications as a strong substitute to fixed line phones. We can clearly notice this as mobile phones has been in the hands of the rich and the poor; from a famous business man who uses the phone for important conference calls and emails to the poor grocery man who uses his phone as part of his on-going business receiving requests for delivery items. The pricing schemes as well has its factor of having the mobile communications as a stronger substitute, below figures shows the fixed line pricing schemes Figure [ 4 ] Fixed Line Pricing Schemes The rates has been less by far in mobile to mobile communication, where rates has been as low as 15 pt. which is half the price of fixed to mobile price. Internet Voice over IP, The technology used to transmit voice conversations over a data network using the Internet Protocol. Such data network may be the Internet or a corporate Intranet, or managed networks typically used by long and local service traditional providers and ISPs that use VoIP. VoIP Applications include * PC to PC VoIP * PC to Phone VoIP * Phone to Phone VoIP * Prepaid cards Phone to Phone VoIP The third option is considered as one of the greatest substitute for the telecom industry, several phone applications have been spread that include the functionality of performing VOIP calls, example for such applications include Skype, Viper, and Tango that are widely spread on all types of smart phones. Although VOIP calls are considered cheap, they do not offer carrier grade quality; quality depends on connection and state of Internet traffic. Receivers of calls may blame their network operators (not VoIP operator) for the occasional poor quality. Research Background The Egyptian Scenario Mobile phone services where introduced to Egypt about 10 years ago. Since then the mobile phone service has grown enormously with having the subscriber base covering more than 2 thirds of the Egyptian citizens People use the mobile phone service for various reasons, either for mobile calls or for broadband services. The communication sector achieved a growth rate of 14. 1% and 14. 2% in the FY2006/07 and FY2007/08, respectively. In addition, the sector contribution to the overall real economy kept improving, reaching 3. 5% in FY2007/08, compared to 3. 2% in FY2006/07 and 3% in FY2005/06. Figure [ 5 ] Communications Growth The mobile market in Egypt is currently composed of three players, namely Mobinil, Vodafone and Etisalat. The duopoly of Mobinil and Vodafone ended by the entrance of Etisalat after winning the third mobile license bid in July 2006, with a total consideration of LE16. 7bn. It is worth mentioning that Mobinil, the first mobile operator in Egypt, commenced operation in May 1998, followed by Vodafone, which started rendering mobile services at the end of the same year. The entrance of Etisalat in the Egyptian telecom sector changed the market structure and intensified the competition among the existing market players. In response, mobile operators reduced their tariffs on the different price plans and were motivated to introduce multiple packages, as well as improving their service quality, including network coverage and voice quality, in order to keep their market shares and maintain their growth trends. The Egyptian Company for Mobile Communications (Mobinil) The Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (ECMS), launched in May 1998, provides a wide range of telecommunications services. ECMS operates under the brand name â€Å"Mobinil†. It is owned by France Telecom Group (FT), Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH) and public market equity investors. FT and OTH have respectively 36. 34% and 34. 66% economic interest in ECMS. The remaining 29% of shares are publicly traded on the Egyptian Exchange. Mobinil offers its customers 3G services and EDGE technology for high speed download, Internet communication, and high capability browsing. It is also working on the deployment of HSPA+ technology. Figure 6 ECMS Company Shareholder Structure Important Milestones Telecommunications Market is a very dynamic and competitive environment, and over the last five years Mobinil has passed by several milestones which have significantly shaped Mobinil’s performance and position at the moment. Figure 7 Important Milestones in Mobinil History In 2007, Etisalat official launch announcement was on 30th of April. Along with announcing the 3G services launch in Cairo. Being the sole 3. 75G network in Egypt has given Etisalat its edge in the market providing faster connection utilizing a distinguished infrastructure notably a NGN over the first IP backbone solution in the country. Although the incumbent is still new in the market, network coverage has extended to make sure there is coverage in all major cities including Cairo, Alexandria, Zagazig, Tanta, Sharm el Sheikh, Luxor and many more. A management decision has been taken not to go for the 3G services, which has been proven to be a bad decision, especially with the deteriorating ARPU the company was achieving by that time, and the Market Share shrinking it was suffering from to both Vodafone and Etisalat. In 2008, Mobinil has officially announced the start of its 3G operations and the launch of the Largest and Newest mobile network in Egypt on the 1st of September, after teaming up with the global telecommunication manufacturers Nokia Siemens Networks and Huawei for the 3G roll out. In 2009, Mobinil dispute began as a disagreement between two of the company’s major shareholders, France Telecom and Orascom Telecom, about the implementation of an agreement they signed in August 2001 as partners in Mobinil’s holding company. Fifty-one percent (51%) of Mobinil’s shares is held by a holding company which, in turn, is co-owned by France Telecom and Orascom Telecom. France Telecom holds 71. 25 percent of the holding company’s shares while Orascom Telecom holds 28. 75 percent of the shares. Orascom also holds a 20 percent direct stake in Mobinil. The remaining 29 percent of Mobinil’s shares are traded freely on Egypt’s stock exchange. Overall, France Telecom controls approximately 36 percent of Mobinil’s shares while Orascom Telecom controls about 35 percent of the company’s shares. The dispute between France Telecom and Orascom Telecom centered on differing strategies for Mobinil. Orascom Telecom favored greater investment in Mobinil than France Telecom. The two shareholders also differed over Mobinil’s budget and expenditures, its marketing strategy, and the start up of its 3G services. 2] In 2007, Orascom Telecom took the dispute to the International Court of Arbitration at the International Chamber of Commerce in Geneva. In 2010, Egyptian Company for Mobile Services (Mobinil) has announced its acquisition of LINKdotNET, the leading private-sector Egyptian internet service provider, from InTouch Communications S. A. E. , a subsidiary of Orascom Telecom Holding (OTH), in a landmark deal wh ich will improve customers’ access to a wide array of integrated communications services, will create high value for shareholders, and will benefit Egypt’s telecom sector and the country’s overall economy. At a press conference on 4 July 2010, headed by representatives from Mobinil and LINKdotNET, Mobinil announced the signing of a share sale and purchase agreement with InTouch Communications, a wholly owned subsidiary of OTH for the purchase of 100% of LINKdotNET and Link Egypt (LINK). The enterprise value is USD 130 million. In 2010, France Telecom and Orascom Telecom Holding have presented a joint plan to resolve their long running and acrimonious dispute over the ownership of Egyptian mobile network, Mobinil. The agreement, which has been signed on 15th of April, has effectively brought to an end all disputes in relation to their joint investment in Mobinil. In a statement, FT said that the two groups will continue their partnership on a renewed basis going forward, implementing a revised shareholder agreement but with no change to the existing ownership structure or their shareholders voting rights. In 2011, 25th of January 2011 Revolution took place following a popular uprising that began on Tuesday, 25 January 2011 and is still continuing as of December 2011. The uprising was mainly a campaign of non-violent  civil resistance, which featured a series of  demonstrations, marches, acts of  civil disobedience, and labor strikes. Millions of protesters from a variety of  socio-economic  and religious backgrounds demanded the overthrow of the regime of  Egyptian President  Hosni Mubarak. Despite being predominantly peaceful in nature, the revolution was not without violent clashes between security forces and protesters, with at least 846 people killed and 6,000 injured. The uprising took place in  Cairo,  Alexandria, and in other cities in Egypt, following the  Tunisian revolution  that resulted in the overthrow of the long-time Tunisian president. On 11 February, following weeks of determined popular protest and pressure, Mubarak resigned from office. Egypt after 25th Jan Revolution has shown a great initiative to be better from all aspects, surprisingly; Egyptians have shown a great social accountability and awareness, after suffering from a very long period of suppression, however the current instability and uncertainty is badly affecting all the industries including the telecommunications. In 2011, Criticism and calls for boycotting were raised tremendously in a response for Mobinil’s founder Naguib Sawiras who has posted some caricature, which has been accused of offending Islam. This has really affected Mobinil severely especially with the MNP availability in Egypt, causing a hundreds of thousands of subscribers’ migration to competition. Mobinil Market Position Mobinil is the oldest and largest operator in Egypt in terms of number of subscribers. Mobinil has maintained market share leadership up until 2011 with almost 32. m subscribers at Year End 2011 close to some 50% of the market. However, it lost the market share leadership to Vodafone in 2011 due to various events, some related to the management structure at that time and other related to the dispute between the two holding companies; Orascom Telecom and France Telecom which had it’s impacts on company flow and management decisions. In addition to the direct competition Mobinil faces from the other two mobile operators, Mobinil is also facing competition on indirect fronts such as fixed lines, payphones, and Internet connectivity. A monopoly on fixed lines remains with Telecom Egypt as the sole provider, which is still a public entity despite its partial liberalization at the end of 2005. Research Analysis and Results Quantity Demand Analysis Since more than 75% of the revenue comes from the prepaid segment and the trend – both in terms of number of subscribers and revenue- is moving in the direction of the prepaid services, we decided to conduct a demand analysis on the prepaid market. Also it is worth to mention that prepaid segment constitutes more than 96 % of the subscriber base making them the most efficient contributors in the economic analysis and demand analysis The figures for the total minutes and the total revenue were obtained for the last three years period, the figures can be referenced in the appendix, the average price per minutes was assumed to be the total revenue divided by the total minutes performed by the subscribers and the demand was mapped to the number of minutes. The below graph shows the price demand curve for the prepaid segment in Mobinil, during the last three years and due to the harsh competition, Mobinil had to drop the average price per minute and accordingly we can notice that as the price decrease the demand has increased since people started to perform more minutes. Figure 8 Price Demand Curve for Mobinil In real life the price demand curve can be noticed clearly, back then at the start of the company, the price per minute was too expensive, average 40 piasters per minute, and the subscribers at that time were performing minimal calls which were done for the sake of emergency of important work. A phenomena back then was raised which was giving missed calls in order to pass greeting, this phenomena resulted in a high call attempts per second that required a lot of capacity extensions, decreasing the price resulted in the decrease in this phenomena were people started doing calls instead of missed calls, this can be illustrated in the increase in both minutes and revenue showed in Figure 8, the below figure shows the decrease of the call attempt per second per subscribers over the period in study. Figure 9 Average Call Attempt per second per sub Cross Demand Function During our analysis, and referring back to the theoretical section, the complementary products was considered as the SMS part which complements the voice call while the supplementary products were considered as the skype and viber calls. An assumption was made was the revenue from the GPRS was considered as a reflection for the price of skype and viber calls, since these calls are made through the data network GPRS connectivity, subscriber would pay for the data session for this call since calls from Skype to Skype or Viber to Viber are for free. Below graphs shows the change in demand versus the price of complementary goods. Below graphs shows the change in demand versus the price of supplementary goods. Regression Analysis As stated in the theoretical section, the demand function is affected by various factors, including the price of the product, price of substitutes and the price of complementary goods. The impact of various factors on the price elasticity of demand is determined through regression analysis which constitutes the impact of each factor of the product demand. Below is the regression analysis output | Coefficients| Standard Error| Intercept| 181,047,973| 7,686,663| Average Price Per Minute (Px)| -209,067,710| 17,507,478| Average Price of Data (Ps)| -2,391,333| 8,670,406| Average Price of SMS (Pc)| -169,109,146| 24,772,181| Below is the best line fit according to the model used Accordingly the price elasticity of demand can be calculated by the below equation Short run price elasticity of demand = The slope of the price * (Average price / Average quantity) The short run price elasticity of demand would equate to 0. 44 Short run cross elasticity of demand = The slope of the price * (Average price / Average quantity) The short run CED for substitutes would equate to 0. 01 The short run CED for complements would equate to 0. 35 Checking the regression statistics below the following is noticed Regression Statistics| Multiple R| 0. 640469195| R Square| 0. 410200789| Adjusted R Square| 0. 406604453| Standard Error| 22321565. 66| Observations| 496| High Standard Error This is due to the fact that other factors affect the demand on voice calls such as the factor of income and taste, referring back the data used in the analysis dated from 2009 – 2012 in which the range of income per person has ranged significantly. We can identify the income per person from the Per capita income or average income or income per person is a measure of mean income within an economic aggregate, such as a country or city. Below figure shows an increase in the per capita income over the years in study. Since the income elasticity of demand affect the product elasticity, this measure could be affecting the price elasticity of demand and accordingly would result a more accurate calculation of the price elasticity of demand. High R Square In statistics, R Square is the proportion of variability in a data set that is accounted for by the statistical model. In our case R Square is equal to 40 % , a high value meaning that means that the fit might not be good enough to represent the real case. One of the main reasons that might result such high value of R Square is the contribution of brand name and taste in the demand of the subscribers on voice calls. Especially in country like Egypt, people tend to change their demand habits based on their emotions or relationship with a certain company or a certain brand. Mobinil brand has always enjoyed a deep relationship with the Egyptian people, being the pure Egyptian telecom company founded by an Egyptian business person rather than other Multinational companies which were either British (Vodafone) or Emirates (Etisalat). However, actions made by top executives like the Naguib Sawiris twitter scandal may result a change of taste of Subscribers were more than million subscriber decided to port out to other operators after this incident. Since the statistics ranged from 2009 to 2011 containing both the deep relationship and confidence gained by Mobinil and its subscribers during 2009, to the relative change of taste due to the twitter scandal in 2011 and that’s why the goodness of fit is expected to be poor. Research Conclusion Currently Mobinil operates in in-elastic region of price elasticity of demand (PED lt; 1) which means that it should increase the price to obtain higher revenue. However due to intensive market competition and the fact of having Etisalat doing extensive price reduction for the price per minute; backed up with financing from the gulf operations, Mobinil is forced to reduce its price to maintain its market share and avoid churn of subscribers. Accordingly, Mobinil should not be the firm to start lowering the prices, in order not to reduce its revenue, however it should be a market follower rather than a market initiator in areas of price reduction. Mobinil should also focus on providing better quality service which would entice upper segment of the community who would be concerned with quality of service rather than the price of service. [ 1 ]. (Footnote continued)

Essay Sample on the Nature of Translation

Essay Sample on the Nature of Translation Many people think that any educated person who knows more than one language can translate and interpret. It is far from the truth. Only translators with good background knowledge, subject knowledge, social and cultural competence and, of course, advanced language skills will be always needed. Translation is a process of conveying information with the help of linguistic and cultural knowledge. The fact that we are able to produce equivalent in English for every word does not mean that we can give an adequate translation of the text. Translation implies that we have capacity to enter into the mind, the world, and the culture of the speakers or writers and we can express their thought in a manner that is not only parallel to the original, but also acceptable to the target language. (A. Duff). While translating we need to be faithful to the original and try to fit into the context in the target language. It is not right to focus on the surface meaning only. Words, sounds and grammar are important, but the attention should also be paid to the ideas and concepts, so called deep meaning. Trying to translate as well as possible, transformation shouldnt be forgotten. The structure of the sentence is different in different languages, so the goal is to find the equivalent surface structure in two languages which correspond to the common deep meaning. Translation involves changing the form of the message from one language to the appropriate form in the second language without changing the deeper meaning (M.Larson). Word for word translation is a result of a wish to be very close to the meaning in the source language, but it is no good. This kind of translation will definitely ruin the real deep meaning and even the surface structure in the target language. Adequate translation means a conceptual identity in both, the source and target languages. Culture in translation plays the biggest and the most important role. It can help in communication and translation, but the lack of knowledge of it can be a great barrier. Wierzbicka argues that we are different people not only because we speak different languages, but we think differently, feel differently and relate to other people differently (A. Wierzbicka). The choices of how to translate should be made very carefully, it requires theoretical knowledge and an understanding of how choices in texts reflect other relationships between senders and receivers of the information. To be a good translator it is one of the most challenging tasks, as it requires switching safely between two universes of discourse. If you need a custom essay, research paper, thesis, term paper, dissertation on Education or other discipline feel free to contact our professional custom writing service.

The Powers of Congress

The Powers of Congress The powers of the United States Congress are set forth in Article I, Section 8 of the United States Constitution. The constitutionally granted powers of Congress are further defined and interpreted by the rulings of the Supreme Court, and by its own rules, customs, and history. The powers explicitly defined by the Constitution are called the â€Å"enumerated powers. Other powers not specifically listed in Section 8, but assumed to exist, are called â€Å"implied powers. Making Laws Of all the powers of Congress, none is more important than its enumerated power to make laws. Article I of the Constitution sets forth the powers of Congress in specific language. Section 8 states, Congress shall have Power †¦ To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof. Laws arent simply conjured out of thin air, of course. In fact, the legislative process is quite involved and designed to ensure that proposed laws are given careful consideration.   Briefly, any senator or congressman may introduce a bill, after which it is referred to the appropriate legislative committee for hearings. The committee, in turn, debates the measure, possibly offering amendments, then voting on it. If approved, the bill heads back to the chamber from which it came, where the full body will vote on it. Assuming lawmakers approve the measure, it will be sent to the other chamber for a vote. Once the measure clears Congress, it is ready for the president. If both bodies have approved legislation that differs, it must be resolved in a joint congressional committee before being voted on again by both chambers. The legislation then goes to the White House, where the president may either sign it into law or veto it. Congress, in turn, has the power to override a presidential veto with a two-thirds majority in both chambers. Amending the Constitution In addition, Congress has the power to amend the Constitution, though this is a long and arduous process. Both chambers must approve the proposed constitutional amendment by a two-thirds majority, after which the measure is sent to the states. The amendment must then be approved by three-quarters of state legislatures. The Power of the Purse Congress also has extensive powers over financial and budgetary issues. These powers include: levy and collect taxes, duties, and excise fees;allocate money to pay the government’s debts;borrow money on the credit of the United States;regulate commerce between the states and other nations;coin and print money; andallocate money to provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States The Sixteenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, extended Congress’ power of taxation to include income taxes. Its power of the purse is one of Congress primary checks and balances on the actions of the executive branch Armed Forces The power to raise and maintain armed forces is the responsibility of Congress, and it has the power to declare war. The Senate, but not the House of Representatives, has the power to approve treaties with foreign governments, as well. Other Powers and Duties Congress keeps the mail moving by establishing post offices and the infrastructure to keep them going. It also appropriates funds for the judicial branch. Congress can establish other agencies to keep the country running smoothly as well. Bodies such as the Government Accountability Office and the National Mediation Board ensure that the monetary appropriations and the laws that Congress passes are applied properly. Congress can also investigate pressing national issues, famously holding hearings in the 1970s to investigate the Watergate burglary that ultimately ended the presidency of Richard Nixon, and it is charged with supervising and providing a balance for the executive and judicial branches. Each house has some exclusive duties as well. The House can initiate laws that require people to pay taxes and can decide whether public officials should be tried if accused of a crime. Representatives are elected to two-year terms, and the Speaker of the House is second in line to succeed the president after the vice president. The Senate is responsible for confirming presidential appointments of Cabinet members, federal judges, and foreign ambassadors. The Senate also tries any federal official accused of a crime, once the House determines that a trial is in order. Senators are elected to six-year terms; the vice president presides over the Senate and has the right to cast the deciding vote in the event of a tie.​ The Implied Powers of Congress In addition to the explicit powers enumerated in Section 8 of the Constitution, Congress also has additional implied powers derived from the Necessary and Proper Clause of the Constitution, which permits it, â€Å"To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.† Through the Supreme Court’s many interpretations of the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Commerce Clause- the enumerated power to regulate interstate commerce- such as McCulloch v Maryland, the true range of the lawmaking powers of Congress extends far beyond those enumerated in Section 8. Updated by Robert Longley   Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer who also works as a copy editor for the Camden Courier-Post. She formerly worked for the Philadelphia Inquirer, where she wrote about books, religion, sports, music, films, and restaurants.

The Developing Manager Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Developing Manager - Assignment Example This therefore means that they are all important, with the main goal being the identification of weaknesses and working on them. The following discussion will focus majorly on managerial skills and leadership characteristics that bring success in the hospitality industry. Question 1.1 Compare and contrast 3 different management styles that are used in an international hotel of your choice For the purpose of this discussion, the Hilton Hotel has been selected for analysis and completion of the assignment. The three main management styles in the hospitality industry are direct authoritative, pacesetters, and democratic affiliative. In the former category, the manager sets very high standards, and ensures that the performance is consistent (Cousins, Foskett, & Gillespie, 2000, 110). They do not tolerate non-performing members. Pacesetters make personal high standards within the organization. They are hard-working and hence motivate the rest of the employees to emulate them. Finally, the democratic affiliative managers ensure they involve others in making decisions, before they can set the standards. All the three are related in the sense that they are aimed at setting high standards within the international hotels. Managerial styles play a significant role in the international hotels (Cousins, Foskett, & Gillespie, 2000, 124). ... Managers understand that they do not have all the answers, hence involve other members. The other comparison is that the managers are the final decision makers. This is especially when the committee fails to agree on which direction should be followed to achieve certain goals. This owes to the fact that the managers have the duty to ensure that the hotels remain functional. They have the right of making any informed decisions, since they will be responsible for failing to act. Thirdly, the three types of managers are the main people behind the mission, vision and goals of the institution. They have articulated them, prompting them to make decisions, and proposals that are in line with what the hotel intends to achieve. For this reason, any activity taking place within the business has to be aligned with the set objectives. Fourthly, the three types of managers have the responsibility of maintaining discipline within the staff members. They reward and punish those who perform exceptio nally, and those who fail to adhere with the rules and regulations respectively. For instance, they may reward employees through promotion, increased wages and salaries, and creating an opportunity for them to add more skills and knowledge. On the other hand, non-compliant employees may be punished through sacking, especially when they are involved in gross misconduct. This is done with an aim of ensuring that all the staff members adhere to the set rules and regulations. This also ensures that the relationship between the customers and the hotel is enhanced. In addition to that, the reputation of the hotel is upheld, which is imperative in a competitive environment. Another major comparison between the three is that the managers set the organization culture. The latter

Assessment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Assessment - Assignment Example Significant age comprising this population embrace those aged, 15-24, 25-4 years, which is an active unit of the entire society thus representing 19.3 and 45.4% respectively. However, this increasing trend turns to an abrupt turn when the population age exceeds 55 years representing only 4.5%. The entire state being among those countries in desert regions and the increasing prices of oil rising rapidly, Saudi Arabia has become chief importer of solar panels. Studies so far conducted cite it is the first state in the Middle East (1977) to have embraced solar energy, which makes it a potential and promising market for this commodity (Bahgat 86). The other key aspect that prompted this state in embracing this renewable energy option encompasses its realization of being cheaper especially in generation electricity rather than oil whose prices are hiking by the day (Government Printing Office 15447). Hence, the state becomes a target for solar panels that suit it effectively considering its region characterized high temperatures and much exposure to much sunlight. Congressional Record, V. 151, Pt. 4, March 11 to April 6 2005. Government Printing Office, 2009. Print.

Hemingway Picasso Essay Example for Free

Hemingway Picasso Essay One of the greatest American writers Ernest Hemingway was born on 21 July 1899 in Oak Park, Illinois. His parents were very strict and religious, they taught him a love of nature, outdoor life, music and art. He was really good at English and used to write for his school’s newspaper. After graduation, he didn’t go to college. Instead, he went to Kansas to work for a newspaper. A little later he went to the First World War. He couldn’t become a solider because of bad health. He was an ambulance driver and a war correspondent. He wrote a lot during WWI, Spanish Civil War and WWII. His most well-known books,† For Whom the Bell Tolls† and â€Å"Farewell to Arms† are about war. In spite of writing career success, he had problems in his personal life. Hemingway married four times, all his marriages failed. He suffered from depression and alcohol abuse. In the end, Hemingway killed himself with a shotgun.  The greatest painter of the 20th century Pablo Picasso was born on 25 oct. 1881 in Malaga, Spain. His genius was noticed in very early age. He started drawing before he could talk. Even his first word was a Spanish word for â€Å"pencil† â€Å"lapiz†. He was mad about art. His father was an artist too, but young Pablo could draw a lot better. His paintings often shocked people with their unusual elements. He could draw a portrait of a person using only geometric shapes. He changed many ideas about art around the world.  During his life he created over 6 thousand paintings, many of them are masterpieces known worldwide. Nowadays a work of him costs millions of pounds. He married two times, had four children. His last child was born when he was 68. Picasso died of heart failure in 1973

Shadowing :: essays research papers

shadowing experience at Doherty, Duggan and Rousse Insurers was on Wednesday March 20, 2005. At the beginning of the experience there was eight o’clock devotion about the different kinds of â€Å"wants†, we as human beings in a society of wants not needs. I met an array of assistants, accountants and different sales representatives. I met Charlotte Easterling the â€Å"central hub†, the administrative assistant of the entire firm. Regina King, the accounting manager she works on the payroll, which she outsources, pays bills and payables. Laura Coutu, the accounting and system administrator she books for computers the firm uses and she is the day to day computer tech and support. I met Melinda Duggan a sales associate with commercial selling. She oversees the account of Southern Ad trucking company, At nine fifteen there was a sales meeting, sales associates meet to discuss sales calls and sales revenue. Associates talk about different venues to sell to, states commission and also talk about different companies and corporation they sell to or try to sell to. Each sales associate spends about three to four minutes each discussing sales about previous week, commissions ranging from $40.00 to $8000.00. At twelve fifteen the firm have their quarterly meeting called WE Incorporated, the meeting starts out with birthdays and work anniversaries. The accounting manager states TARGETS for each individual department. The different departments state commissions and other new accounts. The different departments vary as such: Commercial Lines, Personal Lines, Claims, Accountant, Administrative, Procedures, Rewards and Recognition and Events. They have a Profile section which sales executives talk about biggest sales of a particular departments and the firms accolades, this week was Fred Taylor Trucking Company, Southern AD carriers who have been with the firm since they had 5 trucks and 17 trailers, they now have 327 trucks and 239 trailers, lastly the firm mentioned Water, Gas and Light Commission which is their largest account.

Hiroshima- Book Report

Hiroshima – John Hersey Book Report – Natalie Kirby Hiroshima by John Hersey is a collection of biographies from six survivors from the bombing of Hiroshima. John Hersey wrote this book as an essay at first, but then the New York newspaper made a big deal out of it and how good it was. So a few months later he got it published. The setting of this book is in Hiroshima, Japan during the bombing (1945) and after the bombing.John Hersey wrote this book to tell what these six people were doing when the bomb hit, how they survived, what their reaction was to the damage and the aftermath of their lives. This book wasn’t all that interesting but I liked the part where Mr. Tanimoto was running to get to his church and city. Along the why he found his wife and their new born infant, yet he did not embrace them instead he simply said, â€Å"Oh, good your safe. † Then he listened to his wife tell him how she got out and where she was heading.After that the two split up again. I think it is interesting how shock can affect people. In this book John Hersey explains what each person was doing during the day minutes before the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima. All of the six people were going about their business on what they thought was going to be a normal day. Miss. Toshnki Sasaki was a clerk in the East Asia Tin Works, Dr. Masakazu was a physician a few family problems, Mrs. Hatsuyo Nakamura was a Tailor’s widow, Father Wilhelm Kliensorge was a German priest, Dr.Terufumi Sasaki was a young surgeon, and Mr. Kiyoshi Tanimoto was a pastor of the Hiroshima Methodist Church. All of them experienced an extremely bright flash that momentarily blinded them. Seconds later they were pushed out away from the center were the bomb was dropped. Most of them were buried under the debris of the buildings they were in or standing right next to. Then they all went into shock and migrated to the park, which was not affected by the bomb, for shelter many grabb ed clothes and food that was still good.As the people went to the park they suffered many problems caused by the radiation in the bomb and had to make many hospital visits. The last part of the book is the aftermath and how the people lived their lives after the bombing. This book was a very informational, however I would not recommend it to someone looking for an action filled or just a good read. Also I would only recommend this book to 8th graders and higher.

Capiz Brief History Essay

Geographic location and Demography The Western part of Central Visayas, Philippines comprises the Province of Antique, Iloilo, Capiz and Aklan all located within the roughly triangular shaped island of Panay. shaped island of Panay Capiz is one of the six provinces in the Western Visayas found on the northeastern portion in the island of Panay. Shaped like an open palm, it is situated at the heart of the Philippine Archipelago at 11 ° 35†² 0†³ North latitude and 122 ° 45†² 0†³ East Longitude . The Province is bounded by the Sibuayan Sea on the North, where Roxas City and the six (6) coastal municipalities: Ivisan, Sapian, Panay, Pontevedra, Pres Roxas, and Pilar are wholly dependent on fishing for their existence. It is bounded on the South and Southeast by Iloilo Province, on the Southwest by the Province of Antique, and on the West and Northwest by the Province of Aklan. Aklan. The coast of Capiz sustains the vibrant fishing industry of the province. Its rich fishing grounds can be a basis for the claim of Capiz as the seafood capital of the Philippines. Roxas City, the provincial capital, where the largest in terms of population size Capiz has a population of 701,664 (2007 census). Among the sixteen municipalities and one city of Capiz, Roxas City, the provincial capital, has the largest population comprising 19.32 percent of the total provincial population Followed next by the municipalities of Tapaz (6.74 percent); Panay (6.21 percent); Dumarao (6.16 percent); and Pontevedra (6.13 percent). On the other hand, Sapian, Cuartero, Ivisan and Dumalaghave the smallest population with less than 4.0 percent each. Linguistic Identity Capiznon refers to the culture anguage and the people of Capiz province. The Capiznon speaks Kinaraya and Hiligaynon, with slightly different inflection compared to Ilonggo speakers in Iloilo. The towns of Ivisan and Sapian of Capiz which are already near Aklan speak Ilonggo mixed with some aklanon words. Those in the interiormost town of Tapaz, Capiz,– home of the mountain people (Bukidnon)– speak Kinaray-a. with some aklanon words. Those in the nteriormost town of Tapaz, Capiz,– home of the mountain people(Bukidnon)– speak Kinaray-a Myths, Folk Beliefs and Practices The early Panaynon believed in many gods like Bulalakaw, a bird which Gods like Bulalakaw, a bird which looks ike a peacock and could cause illness was said to live in the islands sacred mountain called Madya-as. Mediators to the gods, also said to be the first priests, were; Bangutbanwa, who prayed for good harvest and an orderly universe; Mangindalon, who interceded for sick persons and prayed for the punishment of enemies.

Human Growth Hormones(HGH) essays

Human Growth Hormones(HGH) essays The topic of whether Human Growth Hormone (HGH) should be administered to children who are considered to be hormone deficient children. Several doctors have been devoted to the serious study of the effects of Human Growth Hormones and have found out a lot about this topic since its first use in 1958. The first known use of it was in 1958 when doctors extracted hormones from cadavers and injected it into hormone deficient children. Although they saw an increase in height the children were still said to be shorter than average. In the 1980s the FDA approved HGH but only for use in hormone deficient children and elderly patients who really need the hormones but since then HGH distributors have turned their companies into hundred million dollar companies due to use of the product by bodybuilders. Although the use of HGH is now legal does not mean that it is morally or ethically condoned by society. In the reading two articles I hope to clarify any concerns of people who are thinking ab out putting themselves or others on Human Growth Hormones. In surveying several articles about the use of HGH in young children to increase the height of hormone deficient children I found an article written by Jenny Everett, a Popular Science assistant editor, where she describes to us about her brother who is considered to be hormone deficient. She asks the question of, should we really be giving a 9-year-old child hormone injections just to treat him for his stature? Jenny tells us when she gave her first shot of Humatrope to her little brother, he knew more about giving the shot than she did, this being his 37th injection. The reason her 9-year-old little brother receives these injections is because he is considered to be in the 1.2 percentile of people who will not grow over 53 when they are fully-grown. Human growth is an invisible but intense process, an intricate and little understood web of genes, hormones and other variables ...

How to Write About Ranges

How to Write About Ranges How to Write About Ranges How to Write About Ranges By Mark Nichol A range is, in written expression, the numerical difference between or among two or more values, or a pair of elements denoting the end points on, and perhaps one or more elements along, a continuum. Using sentences with errors in expressing ranges, this post discusses how to correctly do so in writing. The school enrolls students in grades 9 12. The correct treatment of a range numbers expressed in numerals is one number followed by an en dash (although some publications employ a hyphen) and another number, with no letter spaces: â€Å"The school enrolls students in grades 9–12.† This style, with a numeral range, is correct even when a publication uses a style system in which references to numbers are usually spelled out if the number is one hundred or less. However, if the range is expressed with to (or through) instead of a dash, the numbers should, in that case, be spelled out: â€Å"The school enrolls students in grades nine to twelve.† Operating hours are from 9 a.m.–10 p.m. If from precedes the expression of a number range, to, rather than a dash, should intervene between the two values: â€Å"Operating hours are from 9 a.m. to 10 p.m.† (If a dash is preferred, delete from: â€Å"Operating hours are 9 a.m.–10 p.m.†) Only a handful of school districts within a 30-40 mile radius rank among the top twenty-five school districts. The solution for this example is not simply to replace the hyphen with a dash; the range must be recast as shown here: â€Å"Only a handful of school districts within a 30- to 40-mile radius rank among the top twenty-five school districts.† The expressed range is not â€Å"30–40†; it is â€Å"a 30-mile radius to 40-mile radius,† with the first value truncated to the number and a suspensive hyphenation. (This range can also be expressed â€Å"a radius of 30 to 40 miles.†) Qualifying businesses are those with revenues of $10–$20 billion. This sentence suggests that the low end of the range is $10, rather than $10 billion. Except in the case of suspensive hyphenation, values should be fully expressed: â€Å"Qualifying businesses are those with revenues of $10 billion–$20 billion.† The sanctions impact the economy broadly, affecting business transactions ranging from the import of airplanes; the export of caviar, carpets, and pistachios; and the manufacturing of cars. The sequence of phrases specifying trade and production of goods does not constitute a list; it is a range that includes three elements. From must be complemented by to, and the semicolons are extraneous and intrusive: â€Å"The sanctions impact the economy broadly, affecting business transactions ranging from the import of airplanes to the export of caviar, carpets, and pistachios and the manufacturing of cars.† These range from restricting access for the sanctioned entity to the US financial system, to prohibitions on investing in a sanctioned entity, to restrictions on imports from the sanctioned entity, to the exclusion from the U.S. of controlling officers or controlling shareholders of a sanctioned entity. Elements consisting of a sequence of phrases indicating a range and beginning with one element preceded by from and one or more subsequent elements preceded by to should not be interrupted by punctuation: â€Å"These sanctions range from restricting access for the sanctioned entity to the US financial system to prohibitions on investing in a sanctioned entity to restrictions on imports from the sanctioned entity to the exclusion from the United States of controlling officers or controlling shareholders of a sanctioned entity.† If the sentence is not clear without punctuation, recast the sentence. In many cases, including the sentence used as an example here, the use of from and to as signifiers of a range is not necessary, as a given sequence may not necessarily indicate a range that implies priority of one phrase over another. (Here, the sequence does not explicitly express increasingly strict sanctions, though they may be inferred to be so.) When this is true, simply revise the sentence to express a simple list: â€Å"These sanctions include restricting access for the sanctioned entity to the US financial system, prohibitions on investing in a sanctioned entity, restrictions on imports from the sanctioned entity, and the exclusion from the United States of controlling officers or controlling shareholders of a sanctioned entity.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive AtHow to Pronounce MobileTrooper or Trouper?

Short essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Short essays - Essay Example The group has independent variable, which is tested against observed changes. Control group separates the group from the experiment; independent variable in this group has no effect over results. 1. The position the author take in this article is the characteristic of Tom DeLay. The article illustrates that the un-Texan politician is usually mean. This implies that he has some weaknesses as a politician in the Texas polls. 2. The author illustrates that Tom DeLay, the former Congressman and also Texan Republican, uses unique political tactics in Texas. He is a well intentioned politician, who has agreeable political weaknesses. For instance, he is genuinely feared and hated in Washington. 3. The rhetorical devices used in this article aims at conveying a meaning, with the purpose of persuading opinion. The author illustrates that Tom DeLay is hated and feared by other Washington politicians, because he is mean and has foolish behaviors. 1. The premise employed by the author illustrates commitment to political doctrines. Political debates continuously happen, because void political opinions. If a political belief is proved to be true, individuals must be intolerant to the other beliefs. 2. The article concludes that the political positions generate rewards through fixing social problems. Individuals who have different opinions are instrumental in determining the rightness of a given political issue. In the illustration, the presumed cause is the previous incarnation, while presumed effect is blue eyes. This example illustrates an example that is not easily tested. This is because previous incarnation details are vague and void. There is an appropriate way of testing the blue eyes situation. This is through a laboratory experiment (Born,